Extraction of Copper and Zinc from Waste Printed Circuit Boards

Ajiboye, Ayorinde Emmanuel; Olasehinde, F.E.; Adebayo, Ojo Albert; Ajayi, Olubode John; Ghosh, Malay Kumar; Basu, Suddhasatwa

doi:10.3390/recycling4030036

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The majority of the chemical leaching studies on electronic wastes has been focused on the extraction of Cu and Au, which are the most abundant and valuable element, respectively, from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) ( Ajiboye et al, 2019 ; Behnamfard et al., 2013 ; Birloaga et al., 2013 ; Koyama et al., 2006 ; Li et al., 2020a ; Mecucci and Scott, 2002 ; Yousefzadeh et al, 2020 ). Table 1 describes the most common solvents being used for the chemical leaching of Cu and Au, including the overall chemical reactions and potential drawbacks.…”

Section: Hydrometallurgy For the Leaching And Recovery Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical approaches for selective recovery of critical elements in hydrometallurgical processes of complex feedstocks

Kim¹,

Candeago²,

Rim³

et al. 2021

iScience

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Summary Critical minerals are essential for the ever-increasing urban and industrial activities in modern society. The shift to cost-efficient and ecofriendly urban mining can be an avenue to replace the traditional linear flow of virgin-mined materials. Electrochemical separation technologies provide a sustainable approach to metal recovery, through possible integration with renewable energy, the minimization of external chemical input, as well as reducing secondary pollution. In this review, recent advances in electrochemically mediated technologies for metal recovery are discussed, with a focus on rare earth elements and other key critical materials for the modern circular economy. Given the extreme heterogeneity of hydrometallurgically-derived media of complex feedstocks, we focus on the nature of molecular selectivity in various electrochemically assisted recovery techniques. Finally, we provide a perspective on the challenges and opportunities for process intensification in critical materials recycling, especially through combining electrochemical and hydrometallurgical separation steps.

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Section: Hydrometallurgy For the Leaching And Recovery Of Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical approaches for selective recovery of critical elements in hydrometallurgical processes of complex feedstocks

Kim¹,

Candeago²,

Rim³

et al. 2021

iScience

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show abstract

“…The second RC contained elements typically used in soldering such as Cu, Sn and Pb [ 44 ], as well as elements used in PCBs such as Sb and Zn [ 1 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. Antimony is present in organic epoxy resins used on PCBs in computers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure among Electronic Repair Workers in Ghana

Hammer

Dorn

Dartey³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Electronic repair workers may be exposed to lead, mercury, cadmium and other elements including rare earth elements used in electronic equipment. In this study, repair work took place in small repair shops where, e.g., televisions, radios, video players, compact discs and computers were repaired. Personal full-shift air samples of particulate matter were collected among 64 electronic repair workers in Kumasi (Ghana) and analysed for 29 elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results showed that air concentrations of all elements were low. The highest air concentration was measured for iron with a geometric mean concentration and geometric standard deviation of 6.3 ± 0.001 µg/m3. The corresponding concentration of Pb and Hg were 157 ± 3 ng/m3 and 0.2 ± 2.7 ng/m3, respectively. The cerium concentration of 5 ± 2 ng/m3 was the highest among the rare earth elements. Source apportionment with ranked principal component analysis indicated that 63% of the variance could be explained by the repair and soldering of electronic components such as batteries, magnets, displays and printed circuit boards. An association between concentrations of lead in the workroom air and lead in whole blood was found (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r = 0.42, p < 0.001). There was, however, no statistically significant difference between whole blood lead concentrations in the workers and references indicating that lead did not exclusively originate from occupational exposure.

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“…Leach solutions employed for Cu recovery include acids, bases, salts, and ionic liquids. Typical acids used for base metal extraction are sulfuric acid [10], nitric acid [11], hydrochloric acid [12], trifluoromethanesulfonic acid [11], and mixtures of acids [13]. These acids have often been used in combination with oxidants such as oxygen, H2O2, ferric salts, and chlorine gas [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Box-Behnken Optimization and Theoretical Study for Copper Recovery from Scrap Laptop Computer Printed Circuit Board by Malonic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide

Aderibigbe¹,

Olasupo

Odubola

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Copper (Cu) is a major target in metal recovery during the recycling of scrap printed circuit boards (PCBs). Herein, we report on the optimization of parameters for the leaching of Cu from scrap PCB pieces by malonic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Large PCBs obtained from scrap laptop computers were cut into smaller 2 cm by 2 cm pieces and de-epoxidized by NaOH treatment. The average Cu content in each PCB piece was determined by complete solubilization in aqua-regia and found to be (0.84±0.13) mg/g. An optimization study of three parameters including malonic acid concentration, H2O2 concentration, and contact time was carried out through the Box-Behnken design. Analysis of variance data revealed that the linear model was best fitted to the experimental data with R2 = 0.9591 and R2 (adjusted) = 0.8652, but the predictive power of the model was low with R2 (predicted) = 0.2298. The conditions at which the highest leaching efficiency of 51.3% was obtained were a malonic acid concentration of 0.5 M, a H2O2 concentration of 1.0 M, and a contact time of 75 min. The contact time was the most significant individual parameter that influenced the efficiency of Cu leached with a p-value of 0.001. Response surface plots revealed that high leaching efficiencies were observed at high malonic acid and H2O2 concentrations at prolonged contact time. Theoretical calculations show that the malonic acid prefers to coordinate with Cu in a 2:1 malonic acid: Cu ratio.

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Extraction of Copper and Zinc from Waste Printed Circuit Boards

Cited by 19 publications

References 28 publications

Electrochemical approaches for selective recovery of critical elements in hydrometallurgical processes of complex feedstocks

Electrochemical approaches for selective recovery of critical elements in hydrometallurgical processes of complex feedstocks

Occupational Exposure among Electronic Repair Workers in Ghana

Box-Behnken Optimization and Theoretical Study for Copper Recovery from Scrap Laptop Computer Printed Circuit Board by Malonic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide

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