Extraction of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis Using Supercritical CO₂ and Ethanol as Entrainer

Abstract

This study deals with supercritical CO 2 extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluVialis with ethanol as an entrainer. The effects of pressure, temperature, CO 2 flow rate, and the existence of the entrainer concentration on the amount of total extract, the amount of astaxanthin extracted, and the astaxanthin content in the extract were studied. Extractions were carried out at the pressures of 20-55 MPa, temperatures of 313-353 K, CO 2 flow rates of 2-4 mL/min, and the ethanol entrainer concentrations of 1.67-7.5% (v/v). The amount of the total extract, astaxanthin extracted, and astaxanthin content in the extract increased with increasing temperature and pressure. With higher CO 2 flow rate, the amount of the total extract could be increased while the amount of astaxanthin extracted and the astaxanthin content in the extract almost did not change. By using ethanol as an entrainer, a higher amount of astaxanthin extracted (80.6%) could be obtained at moderate pressure and temperature, and with the same conditions, the addition of the ethanol entrainer could more than twice enhance the amount of astaxanthin extracted. Without the ethanol entrainer, the highest astaxanthin extracted and astaxanthin content in the extract were 77.9 and 12.3%, respectively, and were obtained at high pressure and temperature.

Effects of polar cosolvents on cocoa butter extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide

“…3, a relatively high extraction yield (76.50%) was obtained by using 25% acetone (AC 3 ). This finding was consistent with those reported by Machmudah, Shotipruk, Goto, Sasaki, and Hirose (2006) who reported that at higher concentrations of acetone, low amounts of astaxanthin were extracted by SC-CO 2 due to the decrease in the density of the supercritical fluid. Furthermore, the extraction selectivity of astaxanthin may also become smaller, as other components of the feed matrix could be easily extracted.…”

Economical Wet Extraction of Lipid from labyrinthula Aurantiochytrium limacinum by Using Liquefied Dimethyl Ether

“…Generally, the yield of extract influenced by the increase of pressure or temperature at constant temperature or pressure when SCCO2 was applied as an extraction medium. This phenomena occurred due to direct change of density and hence solubility of SCCO2 [22,23]. In this work, it should be noted that the lipid extraction by SCCO2 was performed at pressure of 40 MPa with various extraction temperatures.…”

Modeling and optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of anthocyanin and phenolic compounds from Syzygium cumini fruit pulp

“…Enhancement of the extraction efficiency can be related to the increased vapor pressures and accelerated thermal desorption of the compounds from the sample matrix (Sheibani and Ghaziaskar 2009). Instead of that, the increasing temperature contributed to damage the particle cell walls, increased the mass transfer rate and as the result, availability of bioactive compounds for extraction was increased (Machmudah et al 2006). But further increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in the recovery of bioactive contents, due to vaporization or decomposition of volatile components during extraction at higher temperature (Cacace and Mazza 2003) and also due to reduction in the density of CO 2 .…”