Effects of polar cosolvents on cocoa butter extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide

The effect of flow rate at different pressures and temperatures on cocoa butter extracted from cocoa nib using supercritical carbon dioxide

“…POS was identified as the major TG component in 42.26 to 45.12 % cocoa butter yields, followed by SOS and POP with 27.05 to 30.67 % and 21.05 to 23.64 %, respectively. These findings were in good agreement with previously reported data on the typical TG composition of cocoa butter (Chaiseri and Dimick 1989;Lipp et al 2001;Spangenberg and Dionisi 2001;Ali et al 2001;Tan et al 2008;Asep et al 2008Asep et al , 2013Jinap et al 2013). Cocoa butter contains high amounts of symmetrical monounsaturated TG, in particular 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (POP), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-stearoyl-glycerol (POS) and 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (SOS).…”

“…It can be seen from Tables 3 and 4 that the FA compositions of cocoa butter were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by flow rate with different pressures and temperatures. These findings are in good agreement with the typical FA compositions of cocoa butter obtained by Chaiseri and Dimick (1989), Lipp et al (2001), Spangenberg and Dionisi (2001), Ali et al (2001), Tan et al (2008), Asep et al (2008Asep et al ( , 2013 and Jinap et al (2013).…”

“…Cocoa butter from cocoa bean was extracted using SFE technology by many researchers (McHugh and Krukonis 1994;Li and Hartland 1996;Saldaña et al 2002;Tan et al 2008;Asep et al 2008Asep et al , 2013Jinap et al 2013;Rodríguez et al 2014). Less than 5 % of the cocoa butter from the nibs were extracted at 48.3 MPa for a period of 8 h at 40 to 60°C (McHugh and Krukonis 1994).…”

“…The authors concluded that the extraction of cocoa butter by scCO 2 was time consuming and resulted lower yield. In order to facilitate the extraction process, the authors suggested that the addition of ethanol as a cosolvent may enhance the solubility of cocoa butter in scCO 2 (Rossi et al 1989;Mchugh and Krukonis 1994;Li and Hartland 1996;Asep et al 2013).…”

Supercritical extraction of sunflower oil: A central composite design for extraction variables

“…The addition of a co-solvent to a supercritical fluid, generally, increases the polarity, solute-solvent interaction and bulk density of the fluid mixture which would contribute to solubility enhancement. The hydroxyl group present in ethanol may lead to form hydrogen bond to increase the solubility of oils (Asep, Jinap, Jahurul, Zaidul, & Singh, 2013). Since, the solubility enhancement with the addition of a co-solvent is mainly caused by the formation of special interactions between the solute and co-solvent molecules, solubility of oils in supercritical carbon dioxide greatly enhanced with the addition of ethanol as a co-solvent.…”