Extraction, characterization and comparison of chitins from large bodied four Coleoptera and Orthoptera species

Chitosan Extraction from Goliathus orientalis Moser, 1909: Characterization and Comparison with Commercially Available Chitosan

“…The final isolated solid is described as chitin (Figure 2A). The final yield of isolated, dried chitin was 16%, a value consistent with other reports in the literature [41]. Chitosan preparation from the extracted chitin was then performed in one step by immersing dried chitin in a 50/50 w/w aqueous NaOH solution and then heating the mixture to 95 °C overnight.…”

“…Unsurprisingly, after drying, the network changed dramatically, and no more iridescent colour could be observed ( Figure 3D); this change in colour can probably be linked to the modification of the chitin network after drying. The final yield of isolated, dried chitin was 16%, a value consistent with other reports in the literature [41]. Chitosan preparation from the extracted chitin was then performed in one step by immersing dried chitin in a 50/50 w/w aqueous NaOH solution and then heating the mixture to 95 • C overnight.…”

“…As an example, Marei et al reported deacetylation degrees of chitosan from various species: 74% for shrimp, 98% for locust, 96% for honeybee and 95% for beetle [32]. For industrial production and use, the majority of chitin is sourced from seafood waste (e.g., shrimp, crab, and lobster) but alternative chitin sources such as coral and fungus have also been reported [33][34][35][36] In the literature, various insects have also been investigated for chitin extraction and chitosan preparation, including beetles of various sizes, larvae, and adults [37][38][39][40][41], and, therefore, beetle cuticles may be considered a valuable source of chitin and chitosan for future industrial production. Beetles have long been considered a potential source of protein to feed humanity, since insect proteins are of good quality and their production requires minimal space and water, and also produces fewer greenhouse gases compared to production of classical animal proteins [42,43].…”

Recent insights into the extraction, characterization, and bioactivities of chitin and chitosan from insects

“…00–11. 25 mol L −1 NaOH for 3 h 130 °C 28.7 NA NA NA Wang et al (2013) Lucanus cervus 1 M NaOH in 90 °C for 14 h 1 M HCl in 90 °C for 1 h chloroform-methanol-water (1:2:4, v: v) NA 10.9 NA XRD, FT-IR, TGA, SEM NA Kabalak et al (2020) Polyphylla fullo 11.3 Orthoptera Grasshopper 1 M NaOH in 90 °C for 2 h 1 M HCl in 30 °C for 2 h 2% KMnO 4 for 2 h 60% NaOH in 100 °C for 8 h NA 5.7 XRD, FT-IR, TGA, SEM Rheological Luo et al (2019) Mexican katydid, Pterophylla beltrani NA NA NA NA 11.8 58.8 NA Anti-oxidant Torres-Castillo et al (2015) Moroccan locust, Dociostaurus maroccanus 2 M NaOH in 50 °C for 18 h 2 M HCl in 55 °C for 1 h Methanol, chloroform and distilled water (in the ratio of 2:1:4) 60% NaOH in 150 °C for 4 h Nymphs-12 Adults-14 Nymphs- 77.38 Adults-81.69 FT-IR, TGA, XRD, ESEM NA Erdogan and Kaya (2016) House cricket, Brachytrupes ...…”

“…The dry weight (DW) basis of yield of chitin and chitosan extracted from various lepidopteran insects such as Bombyx mori , Ephestia kuehniella , Dendrolimus punctatus , Argynnis pandora , and Clanis bilineata were found to be 2.59–56%, 3.1–88.40%, 9.5–10.5%, 8–22% and 31.37–96.2% respectively ( Kaya, Bitim, Mujtaba, & Koyuncu, 2015 ; Luo et al, 2019 ; Mehranian et al, 2017 ; Paulino et al, 2006 ; S.; Wu, 2011 ; Xia et al, 2013 ). Earlier studies have shown that the yields of chitin and chitosan from various marine sources including crab, Scylla tranquebarica (34.27% and 19.13%), Portunus segnis (19.6%), Portunus pelagicus (20%), shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus (19.13%) Penaeus monodon (30% and 35%), Parapenaeus longirostris (24%) shell, 27.80% in the krill ( Euphausia superba ), 24.6% in the lobster ( Nephrops norvegicus ), 17.8% in the squilla and 31% in the squid ( Illex argentinus ) pen ( Al Sagheer et al, 2009 ; Benhabiles et al, 2013 ; Cortizo, Berghoff, & Alessandrini, 2008 ; Hamdi et al, 2017 ; Sayari et al, 2016 ; Srinivasan et al, 2018 ; Thirunavukkarasu & Shanmugam, 2009 ; Wang et al, 2013 ) After the deproteinization, demineralization and decoloration it was found that the chitin and chitosan content of coleopteran insects like Tenebrio molitor ( Luo et al, 2019 ), Omophlus sp ( Kaya et al, 2016 ), Melolontha melolontha ( Kaya, Baublys, et al, 2014 ; Kaya, Bulut, et al, 2016 ), Hydrophilus piceus ( Kaya et al, 2014 ), Leptinotarsa decemlineata ( Kaya et al, 2014 ), Catharsius molossus ( Ma et al, 2015 ), Calosoma rugose (N. H. Marei et al, 2016 ), Holotrichia parallela ( Liu et al, 2012 ), Lucanus cervus , Polyphylla fullo ( Kabalak, Aracagök, & Torun, 2020 ), Zophobas morio ( Shin et al, 2019 ) , Allomyrina dichotoma and Dung beetle ( Mingtang, 2004 ) was 17.32 and 14.48%, 13–16.60%, 19–20 and 74%, 7–20 and 67–72%, 17 and 24%, 5%, 15%, 10.9%, 11.3%, 3.90–8.40 and 78.33–83.33%, 12.70–14.20 and 75–83.37% and 28.7% of the dry weight respectively. The chitin and chitosan content of Odonata including Sympetrum fonscolombii and Anax imperator ranges between 20.3 and 67% DW ( Kaya et al, 2014 ; Kaya et al, 2016 ).…”