Extraction, Characterization and Application of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid from Cashew Nut Shells

Abstract

In this study, cashew nut shell liquid has been extracted from cashew nut shells using an accelerated solvent extraction technique and was employed as a precursor for the synthesis of cashew nut shell liquid resin. The extract was a dark brown viscous liquid with an average yield of 30.61±0.200%. Results of the physical analysis showed a moisture content of 4.45±0.020% and a density of 0.95±0.300 gcm -3 . The percentage brix and refractive index were 76.20±0.001 and 1.47 ±0.010 respectively. Chemical characterization showed a pH of 5.65±0.003; acid value of 8.25± 0.200 mg KOH/g; ash content of 1.80±0.6%; free fatty acid of 4.12±0.400 mg KOH/g; ester value of 247.01±0.100 mg KOH/g and a saponification value of 255.26±0.800 mg KOH/g. The FTIR spectra revealed that cashew nut shell liquid is polymeric. These findings confirm that higher phenolic compounds which can be used as potential precursors in industrial applications could be obtained from agro wastes. Kyei et al.; CSIJ, 28(3): 1-10, 2019; Article no.CSIJ.53190 2 Practical Applications: Cashew nut shell liquid, an extract from cashew nut shell, an agro waste has a wide range of functional products. A practical application is synthesis of a high viscous, flexible cashew nut shell liquid resin with physical properties that are consistent with literature and could also be further used in other industrial applications. Further processing of cashew nut shell for the development of value added products like resin can be a better option. Original Research Article

Rheological and Physicochemical Analysis of Nonedible Oils Used for Biodiesel Production

“…Specific gravity values of CNSL and CO samples were within the set standard range, which is 950–970 and 968–975.7 for the oils, respectively. , The moisture content in CO, CMO, PUO, and TPO was within the accepted standard range that was ≤0.05% for maintenance of the oil quality. , However, the moisture content in CNSL was 5.53%, which was extremely high considering the recommended standard value. The high moisture content in CNSL increased the rate of degradation of the oil . The studies show that moisture content in biodiesel feedstock compromised the quality of the feedstock.…”

“…The studied nonedible vegetable oils were selected based on the oil yield and the reproduction term (the life span) of the seed-bearing plant. The reported yield was 20–30% for CNSL, , 35–45% for CMO, 28–59% for CO, and 50–67% oil yield for PUO and TPO. , The average reproductive term starts after 6–18 months for CNSL, CO, and TPO; 4 years for CMO; and 15 years for PUO. The reproductive term for the seed-bearing plants lasted 45 years for PUO and CMO, 3 years for CO, 50 years for CSNL, and 75 years for TPO.…”

Extraction and physicochemical characterization of cashew nut-shell liquid in metal forming

“…Acid value is usually employed in the measurement of the level of free fatty acids in a given amount of oil. This also depends on the extent of rancidity that is used as an index of freshness (Kyei et al, 2019).…”

“…Given the above description of CNS, it is safe to assert that, there is a high potential industrial application of CNSL if properly processed. Furthermore, the huge abundance of cashew nut in many southern states in Nigeria (Kogi, Oyo, Osun, Anambra, Imo and Enugu) and Africa generally necessitates the need to develop processes to recycle the huge tonnages of waste likely to be generated from cashew processing (Mwangi et al, 2013;Kyei et al, 2019;Sekunowo et al, 2021). For example, as at 2019, Nigeria produced about 100,000 metric tons of cashew nuts representing 12% of the world 835,000 metric tons (Agada and Sule, 2020;Adesanya et al, 2021).…”

Non-Timber Forest Products in Brazil: A Bibliometric and a State of the Art Review

“…The pseudo fruit has important nutritional value, however, it is still devalued when compared to the exploration of the chestnut, which represents one of the main sources of income for the Northeast region [55]. As with B. excelsa, some studies have already been carried out to better use the residues of the nutshells, either for agricultural applications or for the extraction of chemical compounds [56].…”