Extraction and preliminary purification of anthocyanins from grape juice in aqueous two-phase system

Purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis in aqueous two-phase systems using an experimental design

“…C-phycocyanin with a purity of 0.7 is considered as food grade, 3.9 as reactive grade and above 3.9 as analytical grade (Herrera et al 1989;Rito-Palomares et al 2001). The purification processes are generally long and complex and time and solvent consuming; efficiency and low toxicity have limited the application of some methods (Wu et al 2014). In the past, traditional protein purification methods have been used, including ion exchange gel filtration chromatography, affinity chromatography, membrane separation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, salting out and electrophoresis, but they are expensive and not suitable for mass production.…”

“…The high water content of an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) provides a neutral and non-toxic environment favorable to biological activities. The short processing time, desirable separation efficiency, low pollution load, low cost and possibility of recycling and reuse of its components make the ATPS a very competitive technique compared to other methods (Wu et al 2014). The partition of an enzyme or protein in this kind of system is influenced by several factors such as the molecular mass of the polymer, salt or polymer concentration, system pH and temperature, size and the hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature of the bio-molecule (Sebastiao et al 1996;Silva et al 2002;Saravanan et al 2008).…”

Recovery of phenolic compounds from Eucalyptus wood wastes using ethanol-salt-based aqueous two-phase systems

“…Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) extraction is a liquid-liquid extraction technique that has been used for the extraction and partial purification of a wide variety of biomolecules (Rosa et al 2010, Espitia-Saloma et al 2014, Reis et al 2014, Wu et al 2014. ATPS form when an aqueous solution exceeds a critical concentration of two water soluble, but mutually incompatible, components (Albertsson 1986).…”

“…ATPS composed of an organic solvent and an inorganic salt have been used to extract anthocyanins (Wu et al 2014), rutin (Reis et al 2014), lipase (Ooi et al 2009), fucoxanthin (Gómez-Loredo et al 2014, ascorbic acid (Reis et al 2012), among others. However, at present, there is no literature regarding the partition behaviour of phenols applying alcohol-salt ATPS directly over a raw material without purification.…”

Aqueous Two-phase System for the Extraction of Flavonoids from Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) Leaves

“…Such as the conventional method using water and ethanol has been widely used to extract flavonoids. Although the method is convenient and inexpensive, flavonoids cannot be extracted completely and the extracts are a complex mixture including tannins, polysaccharides and proteins [6,7]. Therefore, the method is not conducive to the further purification.…”