Extraction and determination of trace amounts of three anticancer pharmaceuticals in urine by three‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction based on two immiscible organic solvents followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

An automated three-phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction based on two immiscible organic solvents followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-Vis detection method was applied for the extraction and determination of exemestane, letrozole, and paclitaxel in water and urine samples. n-Dodecane was selected as the supported liquid membrane and its polarity was justified by trioctylphosphine oxide. Acetonitrile was used as an organic acceptor phase with desirable immiscibility having n-dodecane. All the effective parameters of the microextraction procedure such as type of the organic acceptor phase, the supported liquid membrane composition, extraction time, pH of the donor phase, hollow fiber length, stirring rate, and ionic strength were evaluated and optimized separately by a one variable at-a-time method. Under the optimal conditions, the linear dynamic ranges were 1.8-200 (R = 0.9991), 0.9-200 (R = 0.9987) and 1.2-200 μg/L (R = 0.9983), and the limits of detection were 0.6, 0.3, and 0.4 μg/L for exemestane, letrozole, and paclitaxel, respectively. To evaluate the capability of the proposed method in the analysis of biological samples, three different urinary samples were analyzed under the optimal conditions. The relative recoveries of the three pharmaceuticals were in the range of 91-107.3% for these three analytes.

Interpol review of toxicology 2016–2019

“…The pH of the acceptor phase inside the hollow tube lumen should be made acidic to back-extract the analytes of interest. Using the two-phase or three-phase HF-LPME as the extraction system, determination of benzodiazepine drugs [ 476 ], bisphenol A and other plasticizer metabolites [ 477 ], quercetin [ 478 ], proton pump inhibitor drugs [ 479 ], anticancer drugs [ 480 ], ezetimibe and simvastatin [ 481 ] in biological samples were reported.…”

A Comprehensive Review on Developed Pharmaceutical Analysis Methods by Iranian Analysts in 2018

“…Similar works were performed for determination of L-cysteine in spiked plasma and urine samples after extraction by using zinc organic polymer (Zn-MOP) as a sorbent, 97 for simultaneous determination of losartan and valsartan in spiked plasma samples after extraction with stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) based on acrylate monolithic polymer, 98 for determination of vincristine in spiked plasma and urine samples by using a solvent bar microextraction (SBME) with water at pH 10.7 as donor phase, 1-octanol as the supported liquid membrane and an aqueous receiving phase (pH =3.1), 99 for simultaneous determination of oxazepam, flurazepam, and diazepam in hair, nail and blood samples after extraction by using a vortex assisted dispersive solid phase extraction approach based on crab shell powder as micro-sorbent, 100 for determination of rizatriptan in spiked plasma and urine samples after extraction by using SBME technique, 101 for determination of diclofenac, ibuprofen, and mefenamic acid in spiked plasma and urine samples after extraction with centrifugeless ultrasoundassisted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction with Zn-Al-LDH-MWCNT nanohybrid as a nanosorbent coupled with salting-out ultrasound-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of a floating organic droplet, 102 for determination of zolpidem in spiked plasma and serum samples after an EME procedure, 103 for determination of phenazopyridine after a extraction procedure by coupling EME and packing a sorbent (a cation exchanger) with reported value of 33 µg L -1 and 237.3 µg L -1 for phenazopyridine in urine sample of patients treated with it respectively after 9 and 12 hour, 104 for determination of diclofenac in spiked plasma and urine samples after extraction by HF-LPME, 105 for determination of valproic acid in spiked plasma samples after extraction by using HF-EME method, 106 and for determination of exemestane, letrozole and paclitaxel in spiked urine samples after extraction by using three-phase HF-LPME based on two immiscible organic solvents (acetonitrile and n-dodecane). 107 Magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) as an alternative method for SPE have mostly been used for sample preparation before HPLC-UV. Safari et al 108 synthesized a magnetic framework composites (Fe 3 O 4 @TMU-10) microspheres for simultaneous MSPE of some tricyclic antidepressants including amitriptyline and imipramine in plasma and urine samples prior to HPLC-UV determination.…”

Improvement of dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction robustness by performing consecutive extractions: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brazilian sugar cane spirits by GC‐MS

“…Nevertheless, as an advantage, they are designed to promote the exhaustive extraction of the analytes from the sample, improving the robustness in terms of sample‐to‐sample recoveries. On the other hand, in miniaturized sample preparation procedures, such as solid phase microextraction (SPME) , liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction (DLLME) , the extraction phase volume required is minimal, making the procedure simpler and more economical. Typically, these procedures promote an equilibrium rather than exhaustive extraction.…”