Extraction and characterization of bioactive compounds in Vernonia amygdalina leaf ethanolic extract comparing Soxhlet and microwave-assisted extraction techniques

Effects of leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina on the force and rate of contractility of an isolated mammalian heart

“…These compounds have been reported to have an effect on the heart and these could have caused the observed reduction in the force and rate of heart contractility by the different fractions of the extracts of V. amygdalina. [13][14][15][18][19][20][21][22][23] The high concentration of potassium ions from the extracts, that is introduced in the heart increases the K + ions outside the cell membrane of cardiac muscle which leads to hyperpolarization of the cells of the myocardium thus preventing depolarization of the cells. 23 This reduces the electrical impulses generation and passage in the myocardium thus reducing the heart rate and contractility as observed in the experiment.…”

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Total Crude Leaf Extract of <i>Phytolacca dodecandra</i> in Wistar Albino Rats

“…Determination of Analgesic Activity Using Acetic Acid-Induced Writhing Test Animals of both sexes were divided into seven groups of four animals each. And since the standard recommended number of animals is supposed to be six (6) per group to give statistical significance, in this study, four (4) animals per group were used but two sets of data were obtained from each group animals. In this way the rule of 3Rs was applied especially the refinement rule [22].…”

“…The various medicinal plants that have been reported to have different phytochemical compounds with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, and therefore because of these properties, they are commonly utilized in management of pain and inflammatory conditions [3] [4]. These plants contain various phytochemical compounds that include phenolic acids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenes, lignans, steroids, coumarins, anthraquinones, edotides, xanthones and sesquiterpene lactone [5] [6]. Previous studies have reported that flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolic acids and alkaloids present in different medicinal plants have both analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities [7] [8].…”

Potential Application of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae) in Designing Highly Flavoured and Bioactive Pito with Functional Properties

“…Since indigenous brewers do not usually add hops (Humulus lupulus) during wort boiling, V. amygdalina could serve as hops, providing a tint of bitterness to the brewed pito. Extracts of V. amygdalina have been found to exhibit potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities due to its low pH and higher phenolic compounds, respectively [139][140][141][142]. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of V. amygdalina ethanolic leaf extract revealed overwhelming evidence of flavour compounds, such as 4-methyl-vinyl butyrate, 2,3-pentanedione, ethyl ester-9,12-octadecadienoic acid [142], etc.…”

“…In western brewing, brewers always add calcium chloride and gypsum, among other minerals, to improve the nutrition, thus providing the yeast with all the minerals required for ideal fermentation; however, this is not practiced by local brewers of pito. Proximate analysis of the HS, V. amygdalina, and prekese revealed that these materials contain substantial amounts of these minerals, and thus could indirectly provide the yeast with the necessary nutrition [142]. Concentrated extracts could be incorporated after fermentation to enhance the biocidal activity of the suspending yeast, which later causes sourness and spoilage of the beer (for more details, see Section 8).…”