Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells as a potential therapeutic agent in acute kidney injury (AKI) in felines: review and perspectives

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), known from their key role in the regeneration process of tissues, and their abilities to release bioactive factors like extracellular vesicles (EVs) could be considered as a potential, modern tool in the treatment of AKI (acute kidney injury) in both human and veterinary patients. The complex pathophysiology of a renal function disorder (AKI) makes difficult to find a universal therapy, but the treatment strategy is based on MSCs and derived from them, EVs seem to solve this problem. Due to their small size, the ability of the cargo transport, the ease of crossing the barriers and the lack of the ability to proliferate and differentiate, EVs seem to have a significant impact on the development such therapy. Their additional impact associated with their ability to modulate immune response and inflammation process, their strong anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic effects and the relation with the releasing of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), that pivotal role in the AKI development is undoubtedly, limits the progress of AKI. Moreover, the availability of EVs from different sources encourages to extend research with using EVs from MSCs in AKI treatment in felines; in that, the possibilities of kidney injuries treatment are still limited to the classical therapies burdened with dangerous side effects. In this review, we underline the significance of the processes, in whose EVs are included during the AKI in order to show the potential benefits of EVs-MSCs-based therapies against AKI in felines.

MSC-Derived Exosomes Mitigate Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Reducing Neutrophil Infiltration and the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

“…Blood transfusion of MSC-Exo can accumulate in injured tissues but is rapidly cleared within 24 hours by the liver and spleen. 33 As a result, neutrophils would be suppressed by MSC-Exo only at the acute pro-inflammatory phase in the initial time of I/R, which did not affect the subsequent repairment. In addition, the long-term pathological results demonstrated that the ventricular remodeling and fibrosis following I/R injury were both attenuated by MSC-Exo treatment, which showed a standing beneficial effect of MSC-Exo on the initial phase of myocardial I/R (in Figure 5 ).…”

Advancement of Organoid Technology in Regenerative Medicine

“…Since the stem cells are very dynamic, they can obtain Evs such as exosomes [ 129 ]. According to the mentioned applications of EVs, they can be used as nanoparticles in organoid models to make them more efficient [ 130 , 131 ]. EVs: extracellular vesicles …”

Bibliometric analysis of scientific papers on extracellular vesicles in kidney disease published between 1999 and 2022

“…In a few previous studies about EVs in kidney-related disease ( Pisitkun et al, 2004 ; Zhou et al, 2006a ; Bruno et al, 2009 ; Gonzales et al, 2009 ; Miranda et al, 2010 ; van Balkom et al, 2011 ; Alvarez et al, 2012 ; Merino et al, 2014 ; Fais et al, 2016 ), it was shown that EVs are endogenous or natural membranous nanoparticles that play important roles in essentially all organisms; were used as drug carriers in nanomedicine; and were found to play important roles in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of kidney-related diseases ( Kalluri and LeBleu, 2020 ; Lu and Huang, 2020 ; Fan et al, 2022 ; Tang et al, 2022 ; Yang et al, 2022 ). Recently, there have been increasing developments on EVs for the detection and treatment of more different types of kidney diseases, including CKD ( Sun et al, 2019 ; Tang et al, 2020a ; Grange et al, 2020 ; Jin et al, 2021 ; Grange and Bussolati, 2022 ; Tang et al, 2022 ; Wang et al, 2022 ), AKI ( Sun et al, 2019 ; Tang et al, 2020a ; Xie et al, 2020 ; Jin et al, 2021 ; Kraińska et al, 2021 ; Grange and Bussolati, 2022 ; Tang et al, 2022 ), lupus nephritis ( Thongboonkerd, 2019 ; Garcia-Vives et al, 2020 ; Xie et al, 2020 ; van Zonneveld et al, 2021 ; Grange and Bussolati, 2022 ), kidney-related inflammation ( Sun et al, 2019 ; Thongboonkerd, 2019 ; Tang et al, 2020a ; Tang et al, 2020b ; van Zonneveld et al, 2021 ), glomerular-related disorders ( Thongboonkerd, 2019 ; Jin et al, 2021 ; Grange and Bussolati, 2022 ), transplantation ( Thongboonkerd, 2019 ; Grange and Bussolati, 2022 ), diabetes ( Thongboonkerd, 2019 ; Grange and Bussolati, 2022 ; Tang et al, 2022 ), cancer ( Thongboonkerd, 2019 ; van Zonneveld et al, 2021 ), fibrosis ( Thongboonkerd, 2019 ;...…”