Extracellular K+ activity changes related to electroretinogram components. I. Amphibian (I-type) retinas.

Dick, E; Miller, R F

doi:10.1085/jgp.85.6.885

Cited by 70 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded in the superf used salamander eyecup preparation, as described previously (Dick and Miller, 1985). Field potentials were recorded using a Ringer's filled, low-resistance (ϳ1 M⍀) glass electrode.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Field potentials were recorded using a Ringer's filled, low-resistance (ϳ1 M⍀) glass electrode. The location of the recording site was based on the polarity of the ERG components using conventions established previously (Dick and Miller, 1985). Signals were obtained using an AC amplifier (model 1800; A-M Systems) and cutoff Ͻ0.1 and Ͼ50 Hz.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origin of Transient and Sustained Responses in Ganglion Cells of the Retina

2000

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of Transient and Sustained Responses in Ganglion Cells of the Retina

2000

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“…[K þ ] o and flow vary similarly as the luminance and flicker frequency of the stimulus is changed. 27 In both mammalian 65 and amphibian 66,67 retinas, A number of years ago, it was proposed that neurovascular coupling is mediated by a feedforward glial cell K þ siphoning mechanism. 68 According to this model, 69 the diffusion of K þ from neurons to blood vessels is enhanced by a K þ current flow through Mü ller cells.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Neurovascularmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Hyperemia and Mechanisms of Neurovascular Coupling in the Retinal Vasculature

Newman

2013

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

191

162

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The retinal vasculature supplies cells of the inner and middle layers of the retina with oxygen and nutrients. Photic stimulation dilates retinal arterioles producing blood flow increases, a response termed functional hyperemia. Despite recent advances, the neurovascular coupling mechanisms mediating the functional hyperemia response in the retina remain unclear. In this review, the retinal functional hyperemia response is described, and the cellular mechanisms that may mediate the response are assessed. These neurovascular coupling mechanisms include neuronal stimulation of glial cells, leading to the release of vasoactive arachidonic acid metabolites onto blood vessels, release of potassium from glial cells onto vessels, and production and release of nitric oxide (NO), lactate, and adenosine from neurons and glia. The modulation of neurovascular coupling by oxygen and NO are described, and changes in functional hyperemia that occur with aging and in diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and other pathologies, are reviewed. Finally, outstanding questions concerning retinal blood flow in health and disease are discussed. In lower vertebrates that have thinner retinas, including amphibians, reptiles, and some mammals, the retinal vasculature is absent and the choroidal circulation supplies the entire retina. 2 The choroidal circulation is supplied by the long and short ciliary arteries and the anterior ciliary arteries, which feed the large arteries in the outer portion of the choroid. 3 These arteries branch into smaller vessels, which, in turn, feed the highly anastomosed choriocapillaris network lying at the inner border of the choroid, adjacent to the retinal pigment epithelium and retinal photoreceptors. The total blood flow supplying the choroid is much greater than that supplying the retina (606 vs. 25 mg/min/ whole tissue 4 ), to meet the high metabolic demands of the photoreceptors. 5 The retinal vasculature is supplied by the central retinal artery, which enters the retina with the optic nerve at the optic disc. The artery branches into radial arterioles and smaller vessels on the vitreal surface of the retina. 3 Pre-capillary arterioles and capillaries ramify from these surface vessels and form anastomotic networks in the ganglion cell layer, just beneath the retinal surface, and deeper in the inner nuclear layer, supplying horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and Mü ller glial cells. Blood is returned through radial venules on the retinal surface that empty into the central retinal vein in the optic nerve. Journal of Cerebral BloodThe retinal and choroidal vasculatures differ in several respects. Retinal vessels lack autonomic innervation, 6,7 whereas the choroidal circulation is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic

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“…at the cornea [for review, see Ikeda, 1993]. A typical ERG consists of two waves which arise in different layers of the retina, reflecting light-evoked potentials generated by different retinal cells [Brown and Wiesel, 1961;Brown and Watanabe, 1962;Murakami and Kaneko, 1966;Dick and Miller, 1985]. The first one (awave), negative, is generated mainly by the photoreceptors; the second one (b-wave), positive and with a slower peak time, takes origin in the inner nuclear layer [Jayle et al, 1965;Armington, 1974].…”

Section: Erg Recordingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral, Morphological and Physiological Correlates of Diurnal and Nocturnal Vision in Selected Wading Bird Species

et al. 1999

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We examined in selected wading bird species if diurnal or nocturnal foraging and the use of visual or tactile feeding strategies could be correlated with retinal structure and function. The selected species were the Yellow-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax violaceus), a crepuscular and nocturnal forager, the Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), a mainly crepuscular, but also diurnal and nocturnal feeder, the Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja), a mainly crepuscular feeder which forages more at night than during the day, the Cattle (Bubulcus ibis) and Tricolored (Egretta tricolor) egrets and the American White Ibis (Eudocimus ruber) which forage only during daytime. Herons and egrets are visual foragers; ibises and spoonbills are tactile feeders. Electroretinograms were obtained from anesthetized birds in photopic and scotopic conditions to a wide range of light intensities, following which the retinae were processed for histological analysis. Based on rod densities and rods:cones ratios, nocturnal vision capability is greater in the Yellow-crowned Night Heron, followed by the Great Blue Heron and the spoonbill, then by the egrets and the ibis. Visual feeders that forage near dawn or dusk or at night have a higher rods:cones ratio, and consequently a greater night vision capability, than visual feeding species which forage only during daytime. Visual nocturnal feeders have a night vision capability greater than tactile diurnal as well as tactile nocturnal feeders. However, based on maximum scotopic b-wave amplitudes, all species studied have roughly comparable night vision capability. The factor that best discriminates between wading bird species appears to be the daytime visual capabilities. Indeed, the diurnal ibis and egrets have similar cone densities, cones:rods ratios, and photopic a-wave amplitudes, values which are greater than those measured in the two nocturnally active heron species.

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Extracellular K+ activity changes related to electroretinogram components. I. Amphibian (I-type) retinas.

Cited by 70 publications

References 68 publications

Origin of Transient and Sustained Responses in Ganglion Cells of the Retina

Origin of Transient and Sustained Responses in Ganglion Cells of the Retina

Functional Hyperemia and Mechanisms of Neurovascular Coupling in the Retinal Vasculature

Behavioral, Morphological and Physiological Correlates of Diurnal and Nocturnal Vision in Selected Wading Bird Species

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