Extra-atomic relaxation energies and auger parameters of titanium compounds

Woodbridge, C. M.; Gu, Xiaojun; Langell, M. A.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9918(199909)27:9<816::aid-sia637>3.0.co;2-e

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…The Auger parameter is a valuable tool when assigning chemical states for a wide variety of surface species . The determined α′ parameter = 873.1 was found to be close to the literature values of 872.9 and 873.0, − which indicates that stoichiometric titanium oxide is formed during the anodic oxidation process (see Table ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Plasma Nitriding of TiO₂ Nanotubes: N-Doping in Situ Investigations Using XPS

et al. 2020

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The nitrogen doping of titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO 2 NTs) was investigated as a result of well-controlled plasma nitriding of TiO 2 NTs at a low temperature. This way of nitrogen doping is proposed as an alternative to chemical/electrochemical methods. The plasma nitriding process was performed in a preparation chamber connected to an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrometer, and the nitrogen-doped TiO 2 NTs were next investigated in situ by XPS in the same ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) system. The collected high-resolution (HR) XPS spectra of N 1s, Ti 2p, O 1s, C 1s, and valence band (VB) revealed the formation of chemical bonds between titanium, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms as substitutional or interstitial species. Moreover, the results provided a characterization of the electronic states of N−TiO 2 NTs generated by various plasma nitriding and annealing treatments. The VB XPS spectrum showed a reduction in the TiO 2 band gap of about 0.6 eV for optimal nitriding and heat-treated conditions. The TiO 2 NTs annealed at 450 or 650 °C in air (ex situ) and nitrided under UHV conditions were used as reference materials to check the formation of Ti−N bonds in the TiO 2 lattice with a well-defined structure (anatase or a mixture of anatase and rutile). Scanning electron microscopy microscopic observations of the received materials were used to evaluate the morphology of the TiO 2 NTs after each step of the nitriding and annealing treatments.

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