Extinguishing pool fires with aqueous ferrocene dispersions containing gemini surfactants

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to explore the relationship between the dispersibility and fire-extinguishing capability of aqueous ferrocene dispersions containing gemini surfactants belonging to the same series, namely, olfin E1020, olfin PD 201, and surfynol 465. In this study, the dispersibility and ability to suppress pool fires were characterized by turbidity and extinguishing time, respectively. Ultrasonication enabled easy preparation of the aqueous dispersions of ferrocene powder containing the gemini surfactants. Visual observations and turbidity measurements clearly demonstrated that the order of dispersibility was as follows: ferrocene dispersion containing surfynol 465 ≥ ferrocene dispersion containing olfin E1020 > ferrocene dispersion containing olfin PD201. Fire suppression experiments indicated that the ferrocene diameter, in the ferrocene diameter range of 10.4-21.5 m, negligibly influenced the extinguishing time. Furthermore, for the same ferrocene samples as were used for the turbidity measurements, the order of extinguishing ability was as follows: ferrocene dispersion containing surfynol 465 > ferrocene dispersion containing olfin E1020 > ferrocene dispersion containing olfin PD201; thus, the extinguishing ability was identical to the dispersibility order.

Experimental investigation of the fire extinguishing capability of ferrocene-containing water mist

“…9 shows the variations in the extinguishing times as a function of the corresponding initial turbidity of the ferrocene dispersions containing nonionic surfactants, with the exception of dispersions containing TX. These plots were approximately linear with a high coefficient of determination (0.80), which demonstrates that the suppression efficiency is positively correlated with the dispersibility of the ferrocene nonionic surfactant dispersion systems; the result obtained from the present study was in good agreement with that reported in the literature [36]. In an iron-catalyzed radical recombination mechanism involving H, OH, and O, the radical-recombination efficiency markedly depends on the concentrations of active iron-inhibiting species (e.g., FeO, Fe(OH)2, FeOH, and Fe) [37].…”

Fire‐suppression efficiency and extinguishing mechanisms of calcium acetate using heptane cup‐burner flames

“…In conjunction with the fact that the purity of Ca(OH) 2 purchased from the manufacturer is ≥99.9%, the TG-DTA measurements indicate that the second step of the TG-DTA curves was due to the decomposition of calcite, which had been formed from the reaction of Ca(OH) 2 with carbon dioxide in the air while handling. Equation (8). The weight loss is within the 4.9%-10.5% range stated in the literature.…”

“…The latter (ii) refers to the high ability of Ca(OAc) 2 to produce inert gases. The overall reaction is presented in Equation ( 14) obtained by substituting Equations ( 9) and (10) into Equation (8).…”

“…For instance, Koshiba et al proposed the use of microemulsions and dispersions containing ferrocene as fire extinguishing agents because the firesuppression efficiency of these agents is remarkably higher than that of a conventional fire extinguishing agent. 7,8 Li et al, who investigated the fire extinguishing ability of ultrafine dry powder containing ferrocene particles, reported that the fire-suppression efficiency of the powder depended on its ferrocene concentration. 9 However, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the price of iron ore is increasing: it has increased by $40% from 2018 to 2020.…”

Synthesis and combustion inhibition efficiency of iron short-chain perfluorocarboxylates

“…dispersions of fine ferrocene particles) more effectively extinguish pool fires than a conventional extinguishing agent[9][10][11].Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are common firefighting ingredients. Fukaya et al's ab initio study[12] revealed that compounds with perfluoroalkyl groups partake in CF3•-catalyzed radicalrecombination reactions.…”