Exteroceptive Control of Response Under Delayed Reinforcement

Azzi, Rodolpho; Fix, Dora S. R.; Keller, Fred S.; Silva, Maria Ignez Rocha e

doi:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-159

Cited by 59 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The similarity of effects obtained in Experiment I with post-reinforcement pause and response rate under the variable-interval schedule supports and extends the findings of Azzi et al (1964), who reported that both variables were sensitive measures of delay of reinforcement effects when the initial schedule was continuous reinforcement.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Three procedures for delaying reinforcer delivery were compared at each of the delay durations: a retracted lever procedure in which the lever was absent during the delay (Tombaugh, 1966); a fixed-delay procedure in which responses during the delay had no scheduled effect on delay duration (Dews, 1960;Silver and Pierce, 1969); and a DRO procedure in which each response during the delay restarted the delay (Skinner, 1938;Dews, 1960;Azzi, Fix, Keller, and Rocha e Silva, 1964).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES ON VARIABLE‐INTERVAL RESPONDING^1,²

Pierce

Hanford

Zimmerman

1972

J Exper Analysis Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Two experiments studied responding in the rat when the first bar press after a variable period of time produced a cue light that remained on for either 10, 30, or 100 sec and terminated with the delivery of food. In Experiment I, response rate decreased and time to the first response after reinforcement increased as the delay of reinforcement increased. Similar results were obtained whether the delay consisted of retracting the lever during the delay, a fixed delay with no scheduled consequence for responding, or every response during the delay restarted the delay interval. In Experiment II, fixed-delay and fixedinterval schedules of the same duration during the delay period had no differential effect on either response rate or time to the first response after reinforcement, but differentially controlled responding during the delay periods.The typical finding in delay of reinforcement studies has been that response rate is a negatively accelerated decreasing function of the delay duration (cf., review by Renner, 1964). Exceptions to this finding suggest that the procedure for delaying delivery of the reinforcer can influence the effect of the delay duration on performance. Watson (1917), Ferster (1953), and Logan (1960, for example, found little or no effect on performance of a delay duration which, in other studies, was sufficient to markedly reduce responding. The lack of an effect has been attributed to procedural differences in delaying reinforcer delivery. Conversely, large decrements in responding have also been attributed to the 'Experiment I was based on a thesis submitted by the first author to the Department of Psychology, De Pauw University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.A.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES ON VARIABLE‐INTERVAL RESPONDING^1,²

Pierce

Hanford

Zimmerman

1972

J Exper Analysis Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In this case, reinforcement may strengthen a response sequence in which the first component is the lever-press response. Azzi, Fix, Keller, and Rocha e Silva (1964) have observed the development of such response sequences when the lever-press response was followed by a delay of reinforcement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CLOCK‐DELIVERED REINFORCERS IN CONJUNCTIVE AND INTERLOCKING SCHEDULES¹

Powers¹

1968

J Exper Analysis Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of different temporal requirements in conjunctive and interlocking schedules of reinforcement were examined. The compound schedules were arranged so that a reinforcer could be delivered by either a rat's response or a clock. As the temporal requirements increased in the interlocking schedules, the overall rate of responding increased, but the pattern of responding remained relatively unchanged. As the temporal requirement increased in the conjunctive schedules, the overall rate decreased and a pause-and-run pattern of responding emerged. When the response requirement was reduced to one in the conjunctive schedule for one animal, a low and extremely stable rate of responding developed.Compound schedules of reinforcement contain a response and a time contingency (Morse, 1966). In one compound schedule, an interlocking schedule, the response requirement is maximal immediately after reinforcement and diminishes as a function of time. In another, a conjunctive schedule, the response and temporal requirements for reinforcement remain constant. Figure 1 portrays the contingencies that exist in these schedules. Two types of interlocking and two types of conjunctive schedules are illustrated using a slightly modified version of Skinner's (1958) The bottom two diagrams portray conjunctive schedules which have similar response and temporal requirements: each requires one response and 5 min for reinforcement. In the conjunctive schedule on the right, responses made before the end of the interval do not modify the response requirement. Only one response is required and it must be made after the interval has elapsed. In short, the conjunctive schedule on the right is a fixed-interval schedule of 5 min. The conjunctive schedule on the left also requires one response, but it can be made before the end of the interval, and reinforcement will occur when the interval has elapsed.Note that in the compound schedules with the dashed lines a delay between a response and reinforcement is made possible by the contingencies. In both schedules a response can be made before the end of the interval, and reinforcement will occur when the interval has elapsed, whether or not any further responding has occurred. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine a conjunctive and an interlocking schedule in which a reinforcer 579 1968, 11,[579][580][581][582][583][584][585][586] NUMBER 5 (SEPTEMBER)

show abstract

“…A importância desses livros para a introdução do behaviorismo no Brasil foi diversas vezes reconhecida (e.g., Todorov, 1990) (Bori, 1996;Keller, 1981;Matos, 1996Matos, , 1998. Trabalhando no Departamento de Fisiologia da faculdade por falta de laboratório no Departamento de Psicologia, sem equipamentos adequados e em precárias condições, Keller conseguiu ensinar com exercícios práticos, concluindo um experimento sobre o efeito do atraso de reforço na aprendizagem, posteriormente publicado no Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) (Azzi, Fix, Keller & Rocha e Silva, 1964). O experimento foi realizado com uma gaiola de pássaros como câmara experimental, o rato ficava abrigado em outra gaiola, a tradicional barra de metal foi substituída por um arame, nada era elétrico nem automático, mas foi possível usar água como reforço (Kerbauy, 1983).…”

Section: Fred Keller E a Análise Do Comportamento No Brasilunclassified

Análise do comportamento no Brasil

Todorov¹,

Hanna

2010

Psic.: Teor. e Pesq.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

RESUMO -O behaviorismo é uma filosofia da ciência preocupada com o tema e métodos da psicologia. Análise do comportamento não é uma área da psicologia, mas uma maneira de estudar o objeto da psicologia. No Brasil, a análise do comportamento começou com a vinda de Fred S. Keller para a Universidade de São Paulo e Universidade de Brasília nos anos 60. O Brasil é hoje o maior centro de análise do comportamento depois dos Estados Unidos e seus pesquisadores publicam nos melhores periódicos nacionais e internacionais. Os brasileiros pioneiros da análise do comportamento são responsáveis pelo reconhecimento da psicologia como profissão, pela fundação dos primeiros laboratórios no país e pela criação do Conselho de Psicologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia.Palavras-chave: análise do comportamento; behaviorismo; Fred S. Keller; Carolina M. Bori. Behavior Analysis in BrazilABSTRACT -Behaviorism is the philosophy of a science interested on the subject and method of psychology. Behavior analysis is not a field of psychology; it is a way to study the object of psychology. Behavior analysis in Brazil started when Fred S. Keller came to work at the University of São Paulo and the University of Brasília in the 60s. Brazil has the largest behavior analysis community outside the United States. Brazilian researchers publish in the best national and international journals. The pioneers in behavior analysis were also responsible for the recognition of psychology as a profession, the foundation of the first laboratories in the country, and the foundation of the Brazilian Council of Psychology and the Brazilian Psychological Society. O presente artigo foi organizado em quatro partes. A primeira resume aspectos históricos, teóricos e metodoló-gicos da análise do comportamento a partir de uma visão pessoal retratada em publicações anteriores do primeiro autor (Todorov, 1982(Todorov, , 1990(Todorov, , 1996(Todorov, , 2003(Todorov, , 2006. A segunda parte descreve a introdução da análise do comportamento no Brasil por Fred Keller e brasileiros pioneiros e relata como era a formação básica dos novos pesquisadores brasileiros em psicologia. A terceira parte apresenta o desenvolvimento do ensino de análise do comportamento no Brasil, especialmente na pós-graduação, e a quarta avalia parte da produção dos pesquisadores brasileiros relacionada à análise do comportamento, seu impacto e suas lacunas. Keywords Behaviorismo e Análise do ComportamentoO comportamentalismo, com acentuação no 'ismo', não é o estudo científico do comportamento, mas uma filosofia da ciên-cia preocupada com o tema e métodos da psicologia. (Skinner, 1969(Skinner, /1980 A análise do comportamento não é uma área da psicologia, mas uma maneira de estudar o objeto da psicologia. Este trabalho tenta esclarecer os significados dos termos "behaviorismo", "análise do comportamento" e "psicologia". O termo "behaviorismo" tem sido utilizado de diversas maneiras e de tal modo que se pode afirmar que há muitas variedades de significado para ele. Desde o manifesto de Watson,...

show abstract

Exteroceptive Control of Response Under Delayed Reinforcement

Cited by 59 publications

References 3 publications

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES ON VARIABLE‐INTERVAL RESPONDING^1,²

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES ON VARIABLE‐INTERVAL RESPONDING^1,²

CLOCK‐DELIVERED REINFORCERS IN CONJUNCTIVE AND INTERLOCKING SCHEDULES¹

Análise do comportamento no Brasil

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Exteroceptive Control of Response Under Delayed Reinforcement

Cited by 59 publications

References 3 publications

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES ON VARIABLE‐INTERVAL RESPONDING1,2

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES ON VARIABLE‐INTERVAL RESPONDING1,2

CLOCK‐DELIVERED REINFORCERS IN CONJUNCTIVE AND INTERLOCKING SCHEDULES1

Análise do comportamento no Brasil

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES ON VARIABLE‐INTERVAL RESPONDING^1,²

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES ON VARIABLE‐INTERVAL RESPONDING^1,²

CLOCK‐DELIVERED REINFORCERS IN CONJUNCTIVE AND INTERLOCKING SCHEDULES¹