Externalizing disorders and environmental risk: mechanisms of gene–environment interplay and strategies for intervention

Abstract

Summary Though heritable, externalizing disorders have a number of robust associations with several environmental risk factors, including family, school, and peer contexts. To account for these associations, we integrate a behavioral genetic perspective with principles of a developmental cascade theory of antisocial behavior. The major environmental contexts associated with child externalizing problems are reviewed, as are the processes of gene-environment interplay underlying these associations. Throughout, we discuss implications for prevention and intervention. Three major approaches designed to reduce child externalizing behavior are reviewed. Prevention and intervention programs appear to be most successful when they target individuals or communities most at risk for developing externalizing disorders, rather than applied universally. We end by commenting on areas in need of additional research concerning environmental influences on persistent externalizing behaviors.

Intervention Strategies Used in the Treatment of Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder, a Review of Literature

“…Así, los niños evocan respuestas de los padres como consecuencia de rasgos influenciados genéticamente o por factores hereditarios. Por lo tanto, un niño genéticamente influenciado por un estilo de temperamento desinhibido puede manifestar reacciones negativas propias de los padres (4).…”

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mother’s Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Training on Externalizing Disorder and Self-efficacy of Aggressive Children

“…Childhood aggression is common, transdiagnostic, and strongly correlated with other externalizing and internalizing problems, including attentional difficulties, rule-breaking behaviors, depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders (Scott, Tunbridge, Stathis, 2018). In this regard, ex-ternalizing disorders, which are among the childhood disorders, are characterized by problematic behaviors related to poor impulse-control, including rule-breaking, aggression, impulsivity, and inattention (Samek & Hicks, 2014). In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, there is no definite class for externalizing disorders and it is mentioned in the form of three disorders: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder (Krueger, Markon, Patrick & Iacono, 2005).…”

“…In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, there is no definite class for externalizing disorders and it is mentioned in the form of three disorders: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder (Krueger, Markon, Patrick & Iacono, 2005). Child and adolescent externalizing disorders are relatively common, with estimates ranging from 7% to 10% and with higher prevalence in males relative to females (Samek & Hicks, 2014).…”

Treinamento de pais com crianças com transtorno externalizante: revisão sistemática de estudos empíricos

“…Essa modalidade de intervenção tem se mostrado efetiva em transtornos externalizantes, transtornos invasivos do desenvolvimento, com crianças que apresentam dificuldades de aprendizagem, transtornos internalizantes, entre outros (Pinheiro et al, 2002). Diferentes autores (Renk, 2008;Wu, Hamblin, & Storch, 2015) (Samek & Hicks, 2014) e outros relacionados à regulação das emoções e ao controle de impulsos (Bunge, Gomar, & Mandil, 2012). Comportamentos decorrentes desses transtornos são indicativos de dificuldades de controle de impulsos na adultez, incluindo abuso de substâncias e transtorno da personalidade antissocial.…”

“…Tais transtornos têm fatores preditivos hereditários e também ambientais, que incluem a exposição a práticas parentais ineficazes. Os sintomas externalizantes iniciam em diversas idades, sendo comum percebê-los principalmente entre os cinco e 13 anos de idade (Samek & Hicks, 2014).…”