External microbeam set-up at the CNA (Sevilla) and its application to the study of Tartesic jewellery

Salamanca, María Angeles Ontalba; Ager, F.J.; Ynsa, M.D.; Tubío, Blanca María Gómez; Respaldiza, M.Á.; López, J. Garcı́a; Fernández-Gómez, F.; Bandera, M. L. de la; Grime, G.W.

doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(01)00355-x

Cited by 25 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Unlike the results obtained in this analysis, some works have reported examples of joining with gold enrichment and a simultaneous decrease in copper and silver. This process, rare in archaeological samples, has been denominated by some authors local fusion or fusion welding , and they indicated that the same procedure as the autogenous welding has been employed but with different results.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 81%

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Compositional and microstructural study of joining methods in archaeological gold objects

et al. 2017

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This work arises in response to the need to understand the production techniques of pre-roman gold jewels, starting from the systematic characterization of the different methods of metal joining used in antiquity to produce these objects.To meet this requirement, different procedures used in antiquity were reproduced by means of experimental archaeology. These models correspond to three metal-joining methods reported by ancient recipes: solid-state diffusion with copper salt, brazing and autogenous welding. These techniques were studied by different analytical methods in order to characterize them at both compositional and microstructural level (SEM-EDS, metallography, μ-XRF and μ-PIXE). The results obtained show that the solid-state diffusion bonding with copper salt presents a crystal hexagonal structure without phase changes in the joining point, where only a variation in the grain size is observed. At the compositional level, this soldering method is characterized by a local increase in copper concentration and a small decrease in gold content. In contrast, brazing shows a dendritic-porous structure due to the superposition of the soldering alloy and the crystal structure of the original foils. Besides, the compositional analysis revealed an increment of silver and copper concentrations and a simultaneous reduction of gold concentration. Finally, in the autogenous welding, no changes at the microstructural and compositional levels were observed.The results obtained have also demonstrated the usefulness of a portable μ-XRF system for the in-situ characterization of ancient jewels.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 81%

“…Although the scientific results obtained from the study of a wide variety of gold objects have recently provided important information about manufacturing techniques, there are yet many unexplored aspects about the joining processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compositional and microstructural study of joining methods in archaeological gold objects

et al. 2017

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“…Nevertheless, the MB1-2 pendant shows a slightly higher grade gold than MB1-2 beads, while the QC5 jewels show an even higher grade gold and more diversified joining techniques, namely brazing with copper-rich solder, brazing with copper-rich/silver-rich solder, and, probably, sintering. Brazing and sintering techniques were identified in jewels from Cádiz and Sevilla (Ontalba Salamanca et al, 2001; Scrivano et al, 2013, 2017; Ortega-Feliu et al, 2018). In the Portuguese region, brazing was detected in the Pancas treasure (Alenquer, 5th–3rd century BC, Tissot et al, 2013) and Cabeço de Vaiamonte (Monforte, 4th century BC, Guerra & Tissot, 2016), thus apparently being a common technique during this later period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microanalytical Study of Ancient Gold Jewelry: Mediterranean Impact on the Early Iron Age Technology in Southwestern Iberia

et al. 2019

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The gold technology in Iberia underwent an important development during the Early Iron Age (EIA) following the arrival of new technological skills from the Mediterranean region, including the use of filigree, granulation, and brazing. This work presents the microanalytical study of EIA gold jewels (22 spherical beads and four tongue pendants) recovered from three graves in southern Portugal. The set of jewelry, showing an extraordinary stylistic resemblance, was characterized by optical microscopy, micro energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis to establish the alloy composition and production techniques. The pieces show a close technological relation, making use of artificial gold alloys with different amounts of silver (c. 40 and 25%). The decorative styles include different types of filigree (solid wires and hollow wires), while the joining techniques comprise brazing with Au-Ag-Cu solders and, probably, sintering. In spite of those technological and stylistic features, clearly pointing to a Mediterranean influence, the absence of granulation suggests an indigenous workshop where exogenous technologies/decorations were not yet fully integrated in the manufacture of such luxury items.

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“…The most popular techniques among the methods considered above that satisfy the majority of the given requirements and are used for chemical composition analysis of cultural heritage objects, including gold determination are XFS [21,55,[85][86][87][88], LIBS [73,89,90], and nondestructive ion beam methods of analysis [91][92][93][94][95][96]: particle induced X ray emission (PIXE), par ticle induced gamma emission (PIGE), Rutherford backscattering (RBS), and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA).…”

Section: Determination Of the Gold Content In Items Of Applied Art Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the art and problems in determining high gold contents in alloys and articles (Review)

Zhitenko¹

2013

Inorg Mater

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Methods widely used at analytical laboratories in industry for determining high gold contents (from several percent to 99.9%) in alloys, compounds, solutions, and articles, as well as the existing interna tional and national standards and publications on this topic covering 2001-2010, are reviewed. The review concentrates on publications in which the accuracy of the proposed procedures was estimated.

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External microbeam set-up at the CNA (Sevilla) and its application to the study of Tartesic jewellery

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

Compositional and microstructural study of joining methods in archaeological gold objects

Compositional and microstructural study of joining methods in archaeological gold objects

Microanalytical Study of Ancient Gold Jewelry: Mediterranean Impact on the Early Iron Age Technology in Southwestern Iberia

State of the art and problems in determining high gold contents in alloys and articles (Review)

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