External-Focus Feedback Benefits Free-Throw Learning in Children

Perreault, Melanie; French, Karen E.

doi:10.1080/02701367.2015.1051613

Cited by 45 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…One particular area of interest would be internal vs. external focus of attention. A study by Perreault and French (2015) showed that an external as compared to an internal focus of attention was significantly better in improving free throw performance in children (n = 28). This study was done with recreational child athletes but observing the effect of a change of attentional focus on elite athletes could be interesting, too, regarding changes on warm-up decrement.…”

Section: Free Throw • Calibration • Nba • Basketball • Warm-up Decrementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Better with each throw—a study on calibration and warm-up decrement of real-time consecutive basketball free throws in elite NBA athletes

Phatak

Mujumdar

Rein

et al. 2020

Ger J Exerc Sport Res

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Section: Free Throw • Calibration • Nba • Basketball • Warm-up Decrementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Better with each throw—a study on calibration and warm-up decrement of real-time consecutive basketball free throws in elite NBA athletes

Phatak

Mujumdar

Rein

et al. 2020

Ger J Exerc Sport Res

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“…However, Chow et al did not provide consistent focus of attention instructions within each of the experimental conditions; rather, participants were provided a different set of instructions prior to each jump attempt. Perreault and French (2015) found that children (9 and 11 years) practicing basketball free-throws with externally-focused feedback had a significant learning advantage and reported less self-evaluative thoughts and greater goal directed thoughts compared with participants who had received internal-focus feedback. However, Perreault and French (2016) did not find any benefit between internal and external focus instructional FOCUS OF ATTENTION AND CHILDREN'S JUMP PERFORMANCE 7 conditions for children learning a basketball free-throw task, and manipulation checks revealed that use of attentional focus cues was low.…”

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confidence: 90%

The Influence of External Focus Instruction Characteristics on Children’s Motor Performance

Marchant

Griffiths

Partridge³

et al. 2018

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

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“…In two experiments, asking performers to reflect on their task-related experience resulted in degraded performance (Experiment 1) or learning (Experiment 2) relative to the control condition (Figure 7). A study by Perreault and French (2015) provides additional preliminary evidence for the self-invoking trigger hypothesis. Children between the ages of 9 and 11 years practiced basketball free-throws and were given internal-or external-focus feedback.…”

Section: Mechanisms For Attentional Focus Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning

2016

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Effective motor performance is important for surviving and thriving, and skilled movement is critical in many activities. Much theorizing over the past few decades has focused on how certain practice conditions affect the processing of task-related information to affect learning. Yet, existing theoretical perspectives do not accommodate significant recent lines of evidence demonstrating motivational and attentional effects on performance and learning. These include research on (a) conditions that enhance expectancies for future performance, (b) variables that influence learners' autonomy, and (c) an external focus of attention on the intended movement effect. We propose the OPTIMAL (Optimizing Performance through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning) theory of motor learning. We suggest that motivational and attentional factors contribute to performance and learning by strengthening the coupling of goals to actions. We provide explanations for the performance and learning advantages of these variables on psychological and neuroscientific grounds. We describe a plausible mechanism for expectancy effects rooted in responses of dopamine to the anticipation of positive experience and temporally associated with skill practice. Learner autonomy acts perhaps largely through an enhanced expectancy pathway. Furthermore, we consider the influence of an external focus for the establishment of efficient functional connections across brain networks that subserve skilled movement. We speculate that enhanced expectancies and an external focus propel performers' cognitive and motor systems in productive "forward" directions and prevent "backsliding" into self-and non-task focused states. Expected success presumably breeds further success and helps consolidate memories. We discuss practical implications and future research directions.Keywords Motivation . Attentional focus . Self-efficacy . Positive affect . Dopamine . Motor performance Skilled movement is fundamental to surviving and thriving in the world and the basis as well for many of the highest human endeavors and cultural achievements, from sport to art to music. How people learn and relearn movement skills has been addressed from a number of disparate scientific perspectives and levels of analysis, including behavioral, social cognitive, neurophysiological, and neurocomputational. In part, differences in assumptions, scientific terminology and philosophy, as well as methodological approaches have made scholarly rapprochement challenging, but we see the end goal of optimizing motor learning as important. We suggest that it may be valuable to bring recent insights from various approaches together to identify a coherent way forward that can result in optimized learning from humans' earliest encounters with new motor skills to the lifelong development of motoric expertise.It is typically considered time to look afresh at dominant theories in a field when the accumulating evidence suggests that old frameworks cannot account for substantial new insights an...

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External-Focus Feedback Benefits Free-Throw Learning in Children

Abstract: Future research should continue to incorporate retrospective verbal reports and explore potential causal links between internal attentional focus and self-evaluation.

Cited by 45 publications

References 18 publications

Better with each throw—a study on calibration and warm-up decrement of real-time consecutive basketball free throws in elite NBA athletes

Better with each throw—a study on calibration and warm-up decrement of real-time consecutive basketball free throws in elite NBA athletes

The Influence of External Focus Instruction Characteristics on Children’s Motor Performance

Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning

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