Extensively Drug-Resistant Typhoid Fever in the United States

Hughes, Michael; Birhane, Meseret; Dorough, Layne; Reynolds, Jared; Caidi, Hayat; Tagg, Kaitlin A.; Snyder, Caroline M; Yu, Alexander T; Altman, Shana M; Boyle, Michelle M.; Thomas, Deepam; Robbins, Amy; Waechter, Hae Na A; Cody, Irina; Mintz, Eric D.; Gutelius, Bruce; Langley, Gayle; Watkins, Louise Francois

doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab572

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Over 15 000 XDR cases have been reported from Pakistan since then, with spread from the Sindh province to other areas in Pakistan [16]. Although XDR S. Typhi is not currently endemic in other countries, multiple countries have reported imported cases in travellers returning from Pakistan, highlighting the risk of further spread [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Typhoid fever control in the 21st century: where are we now?

Carey

McCann

Gibani

2022

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

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Purpose of reviewMomentum for achieving widespread control of typhoid fever has been growing over the past decade. Typhoid conjugate vaccines represent a potentially effective tool to reduce the burden of disease in the foreseeable future and new data have recently emerged to better frame their use-case.Recent findingsWe describe how antibiotic resistance continues to pose a major challenge in the treatment of typhoid fever, as exemplified by the emergence of azithromycin resistance and the spread of Salmonella Typhi strains resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. We review efficacy and effectiveness data for TCVs, which have been shown to have high-level efficacy (≥80%) against typhoid fever in diverse field settings. Data from randomized controlled trials and observational studies of TCVs are reviewed herein. Finally, we review data from multicountry blood culture surveillance studies that have provided granular insights into typhoid fever epidemiology. These data are becoming increasingly important as countries decide how best to introduce TCVs into routine immunization schedules and determine the optimal delivery strategy.SummaryContinued advocacy is needed to address the ongoing challenge of typhoid fever to improve child health and tackle the rising challenge of antimicrobial resistance.

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Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Typhoid fever control in the 21st century: where are we now?

Carey

McCann

Gibani

2022

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

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“…Different researchers are witnessing the full-blown resistance development toward former first-line antimicrobials against typhoid fever [43][44][45]. A similar pattern of resistance is also increasing toward the fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) accounting for up to 80% of isolates [43,45,46]. Moreover, the backups cephalosporin (ceftriaxone and cefotaxime) is also in question marking up to 50% resistance in some specific areas [41].…”

Section: Impacts Of Typhoid Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the backups cephalosporin (ceftriaxone and cefotaxime) is also in question marking up to 50% resistance in some specific areas [41]. Fortunately, the susceptibility of Azithromycin has been retained in many areas [46]. Though the potency of Carbapenems is still present [46], there is emerging evidence of resistance to Morepenem in a few findings [41].…”

Section: Impacts Of Typhoid Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

Typhoid in Less Developed Countries: A Major Public Health Concern

Gashaw¹,

Jambo²

2022

Hygiene and Health in Developing Countries - Recent Advances

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Typhoid fever remains a major public health concern in less developed countries. The disease is transmitted through the consumption of food or water contaminated with feces containing Salmonella Typhi. Salmonella is a genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae with over 2450 species. Typhoid is more common in impoverished areas with unsafe drinking water sources and poor sanitation. These problems are further exacerbated by political instabilities, displacement, and war in the regions. Each year, 17.8 million cases of typhoid fever are reported in lower-income countries. Typhoid was expected to be most common in western Africa, followed by a few countries in Central, South, and Southeast Asia. In most cases, the incidence peaked between the ages of under 5 years. Recently, many Salmonella species had developed resistance to several antibiotics which call for serious prevention and control efforts that integrate several high-impact interventions targeting facilities and infrastructure, together with parallel efforts directed at effective strategies for use of typhoid conjugate vaccines. Hence, a multisector collaboration and approach from a different perspective have to be advocated for the containment of typhoid. The clinical and public health concerns and the strategies to stem the growing flows associated with typhoid are going to be discussed.

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“…The outbreak is not only a local health issue but cases of XDR S. typhi have been reported in the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom, and Canada among travelers from Pakistan [ 7 ]. Nine cases of XDR S. typhi have been reported in the USA among those who did not travel outside the USA [ 8 ]. The outbreak is threatening global health as an XDR S. typhi strain resistant to azithromycin has already been reported in Bangladesh [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%