Extensive pilot use of the grain protectant combinations, fenitrothion plus bioresmethrin and pirimiphos‐methyl plus bioresmethrin

Abstract

Each of the combinations, bioresmethrin (1 mg kg−1) plus pirimiphos‐methyl(6 mg kg−1) or fenitrothion (12 mg kg−1), was applied in 1976 to grain in 21 commercial storages. Grain condition and protectant residues were regularly monitored. Three storages became infested with Rhizopertha dominica (F.), but all storages remained free of other insect species. In two of the three infested storages, application of protectant was uneven, and the third became infested only after 8 months of storage. Despite some variations in recovered residues between sites, the mean residue levels were accurately described by predictive models. Falls in temperature during storage varied considerably, and were related to factors other than climate and bin size. There was a marked effect by aeration with ambient cold air on both the grain temperature and the rate of loss of residues. Results of collaborative studies on the determination of residues indicate a need for regular check programmes of analysis, and confirm previous conclusions that residues of fenitrothion and pirimiphos‐methyl can be accurately and conventionally determined.

Quantitation of bioresmethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid grain protectant, by enzyme immunoassay

“…They are effective against many domestic insects and stored commodity pests and, because of their lower human toxicity, are approved for direct application to a number of stored products, including harvested cereal grains. In grain protection practice, synthetic pyrethroids are not typically used on their own, but rather in admixture with an organophosphate, since the spectrum of insect pests of concern in most countries is too broad to enable a single compound to be used (Desmarchelier et al, 1981;Snelson, 1987). As a result of their use on foodstuff commodities, it is important for grain trading and for human health to develop simple methods for monitoring synthetic pyrethroid residues (Papadopoulous-Mourkidow, 1983).…”

“…Analysis of synthetic pyrethroids can be more challenging than that of organophosphates, because a number of pyrethroids lack a suitable element for use of element-specific detection following fractionation by gas chromatography (Sharp et al, 1988). In addition, their application rates and their residue levels are generally lower than those of other insecticides (Desmarchelier et al, 1981).…”

Mono- and polyclonal antibodies to the organophosphate fenitrothion. 1. Approaches to hapten-protein conjugation

“…The organophosphate fenitrothion [ , -dimethyl 0-(3methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate, FN] has been used as a grain protectant in many countries since the late 1970s. It is a broad spectrum insecticide, toxic to many malathion-resistant species (Kashi, 1972;Ardley and Sticka, 1977;Pearson, 1979), and is especially useful in combination with synthetic pyrethroids, since the lesser grain borer, Rhizopertha dominica (F) can then be adequately controlled (Desmarchelier et al, 1981). FN also finds use in horticulture, viticulture, forestry, control of locust plagues, household sprays, and public health applications.…”

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on a Polyclonal Antibody for the Detection of the Insecticide Fenitrothion. Evaluation of Antiserum and Application to the Analysis of Water Samples

“…It has found widespread applications to control pests and has been mainly used as a grain protectant in many countries since the late 1970s. It is one of the broad spectrum insecticides, toxic to many malathion-resistant species (1)(2)(3), and is especially useful in combination with synthetic pyrethroids, by which the lesser grain borer can then be adequately controlled (4). Furthermore, fenitrothion also finds use in horticulture sprays, viticulture, forestry, control of locust plagues, household sprays, and public health applications.…”