Extensive Clonality and Strong Differentiation in the Insular Pacific Tree Santalum insulare: Implications for its Conservation

Abstract

This study shows that clonality is a frequent phenomenon in S. insulare. The genetic diversity within populations is lower than the values assessed in species distributed on the mainland, as a consequence of insularity. But this can also be explained by the overexploitation of sandalwood. The differentiation between archipelagos and islands within archipelagos is very high because of the limited gene flow due to oceanic barriers. Delineation of evolutionary significant units and principles for population management are proposed based on this molecular analysis.

Variasi Karakter Pembungaan Antar Varian dan Ras Lahan Cendana Sepanjang Gradien Geografis di Gunung Sewu

“…Pada bulan Oktober 2015, Pemerintah Indonesia menyatakan gagalnya program re-introduksi cendana di Timor dan NTT (Anonim 2015), dan rendahnya viabilitas biji dianggap sebagai penyebab utamanya (Balai Penelitian Kehutanan Kupang, komunikasi pribadi). Rendahnya kualitas biji ini sangat dimungkinkan merupakan akibat dari kegagalan proses reproduksi (reproductive failure); fenomena yang juga teramati pada Santalum lanceolatum di Australia (Warburton et al 2000), S. insulare di Kepulauan Pasifik (Lhuillier et al 2006), S. album di India semenanjung (Rao et al 2007) dan India Selatan (Dani et al 2011), S. spicatum di Australia Barat (Byrne et al 2003) dan S. austrocaledonicum di New Caledonia (Bottin et al 2007). …”

“…(Warburton et al 2000;Byrne et al 2003;Rughkla et al 2006;Tamla et al 2012), Kepulauan Pasifik (Lhuillier et al 2006) dan New Caledonia (Bottin et al 2007) selama lebih dari dua dekade terakhir. Namun di tempat yang dipercaya sebagai center of origin cendana, yaitu Indonesia, penelitian masih sangat terbatas, baik di Indonesia bagian Tenggara (Brand 1994;Herawan et al 2014; maupun, terutama, Indonesia bagian barat (Ratnaningrum & Indrioko, 2014, 2015 Parameter fenologi pembungaan meliputi (1) Gambar 1.…”

The effects of population size on genetic parameters and mating system of sandalwood in Gunung Sewu, Indonesia

“…Loss of diversity has taken larger attention in sandalwood (Santalum album L., Santalaceae) genetical and ecological studies during last couple of decades (Brand, 1994;Warburton et al, 2000;Angadi, 2003;Byrne et al, 2003;Lhuillier et al, 2006;Rao et al, 2007;Bottin et al, 2007;Dani et al, 2011;Indrioko and Ratnaningrum, 2015). Australia, India, and Indonesia are among the main exporters of sandalwood's wood and oil (Angadi et al, 1993;Rao et al, 2007), but within the last three decades, this species has undergo significant degradation and habitat loss, and therefore classified as vulnerable species (IUCN, 2009), even extinct in the wild in most of its native in south-eastern parts of Indonesia (Anonymous, 2012;Indrioko and Ratnaningrum, 2015).…”

“…Differences in geographical evolutionary history (Byrne et al, 2003;Bottin et al, 2007), as well as a history of disturbance (Warburton et al, 2000;Lhuillier et al, 2006;Shcmidt et al, 2009;Dani et al, 2011), may also affects various evolutionary forces that are resulting in different patterns of genetic structure. However, to date, only very limited studies have been conducted in correlating the geographical variation to the genetic diversity and mating systems of sandals group (Harbaugh and Baldwin, 2007;Rao et al, 2007;Dani et al, 2011).…”

Dubautia carrii and D. hanaulaensis, New Species of the Hawaiian Silversword Alliance (Compositae, Madiinae) from Moloka‘i and Maui

“…Therefore in this study, in addition to an expanded phylogenetic analysis based on nrDNA (ITS, ETS) and cpDNA (3′ trnK intron) sequences, evidence is integrated from two novel sources including a Bayesian STRUCTURE analysis using microsatellites, as well as a morphological analysis of 28 quantitative and qualitative characters. Microsatellite data have been chosen for the present study because they have high mutation rates and polymorphism, and are good to determine population genetic diversity and structure in taxa that have recently diverged, such as in island archipelagos ( Zhang and Hewitt 2003 ;Butaud et al 2005 ;Lhuillier et al 2006a ).…”