Extended defects in crystals: examples in powder processing for ancient cosmetics

Suitability of the voltammetry of immobilized microparticles to detect and discriminate lead compounds in microsamples of ancient black cosmetics

“…6b). Earlier studies by Transmission electron microscopy on ancient black cosmetic pigments [11,13,19] had proved hand crushing of the powders, probably on large quantities of materials, in view of their dislocation structures. For instance, ancient Egyptian eyepaints were initially finely ground to a powder, and then applied dry or were mixed with water or a water-soluble gum to give a paste which was then applied with a finger or by means of a kohl-stick [1].…”

“…In the last years the characterization of ancient cosmetics and medicines has caught the attention of different researches due to http the interest of knowing better the daily life and materials of ancient societies [5,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], but most of the analyses of this type of products have been focused to Egyptian and Roman objects because of the difficulty of recovering ancient cosmetics. In the study of black pigments, galena has been the mainly found compound, but this information has been obtained using analytical techniques principally based on spectroscopy, moreover little affordable methods (like Synchrotron-Radiation X-ray -Diffraction or Transmission Electron Microscopy) were used when only few microparticles were available for analysis.…”