Not only wall paintings—pigments for cosmetics

Pérez-Arantegui, Josefina

doi:10.1007/s12520-021-01399-w

Cited by 32 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Fingernails and the palms of the hands were treated with henna, producing an orange-red tone. In general, the variety of pigments based on natural minerals used by the ancient Egyptians for cosmetics is impressive [5,6].…”

Section: Egyptian Cosmeticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Natural Ingredients in Cosmetics

McMullen

Dell'Acqua²

2023

Cosmetics

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There has been interest in the history of cosmetics for the last several decades. In part, this renewed curiosity is probably due to the revolutionizing natural movement in the cosmetic industry. In this article, we provide an overview of the historical aspects of the use of natural ingredients in cosmetics, which mostly come from botanical and mineral sources. We begin with an introduction to the art and science of cosmetics in the ancient world, which includes accounts of Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, and Roman cosmetics as well as Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurvedic Medicine. These dermatological and cosmetic practices, which were advanced for the time, paved the way for the current revolution of natural ingredients in cosmetic products. Without providing a comprehensive historical account, we surveyed selected cultures during different periods of time to provide some perspective of our current understanding of natural ingredients in cosmetics. Attention is also given to the rich contributions of body art by tribal societies to our knowledge base, especially in the areas of dyes and pigments. Finally, we offer some perspective of natural ingredient cosmetics in the Information Age.

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Section: Egyptian Cosmeticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Natural Ingredients in Cosmetics

McMullen

Dell'Acqua²

2023

Cosmetics

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“…As for alteration products, the darkening of lead white is a typical alteration issue resulting from its conversion into lead sulfide (PbS, galena) or lead dioxide (scrutinyite α-PbO 2 and plattnerite β-PbO 2 ). Several authors have reported on this alteration, especially in watercolours, manuscripts, canvas and wall paintings (Augusti 1949;Plenderleith 1956;Carlyle and Townsend 1990;Giovannoni et al 1990;Roy 1993;Clark and Gibbs 1998;Burgio et al 1999;Saunders 2000;Andalo et al 2001;Clark 2002;Smith and Clark 2002a, b;Goltz et al 2003;Saunders and Kirby 2004;Franceschi et al 2010;Gutman et al 2014;Melo et al 2016;Coccato et al 2017;Vagnini et al 2020), as well as in out-door decorations, such as polychrome ceramic statues (Pérez Rodríguez et al 1998).…”

Section: Transformation and Alteration Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pigments—Lead-based whites, reds, yellows and oranges and their alteration phases

Gliozzo

Ionescu

2021

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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This review summarises the state-of-the-art of lead-based pigment studies, addressing their production, trade, use and possible alteration. Other issues, such as those related to the investigation and protection of artworks bearing lead-based pigments are also presented. The focus is mineralogical, as both raw materials and degradation products are mineral phases occurring in nature (except for very few cases). The minerals described are abellaite, anglesite, blixite, caledonite, challacolloite, cerussite, cotunnite, crocoite, galena, grootfonteinite, hydrocerussite, laurionite, leadhillite, litharge, macphersonite, massicot, mimetite, minium, palmierite, phosgenite, plattnerite, plumbonacrite, schulténite, scrutinyite, somersetite, susannite, vanadinite and an unnamed phase (PbMg(CO3)2). The pigments discussed are lead white, red lead, litharge, massicot, lead-tin yellow, lead-tin-antimony yellow, lead-chromate yellow and Naples yellow. An attempt is made to describe the history, technology and alteration of these pigments in the most complete manner possible, despite the topic's evident breadth. Finally, an insight into the analytical methods that can (and should) be used for accurate archaeometric investigations and a summary of key concepts conclude this review, along with a further list of references for use as a starting point for further research.

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“…In masonry structures, mortars and plasters are generally lime-based and play a fundamental role in the circulation of saline solutions throughout the wall. The porosity in these materials is generally high, up to about 25% (Papayianni and Stefanidou 2001) and with many interconnections, and therefore, there is a large fraction of open porosity; this means that there is a high evaporation rate and a low retention of water (Stefanidou and Papayianni 2006). These characteristics lead mortars and plasters to be considered as carriers of water inside the walls and, therefore, also salts, not only between the different wall materials, but also at different heights of the structure causing problems mainly aesthetic and often functional to structures.…”

Section: Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortars and plasters - How to characterize mortar and plaster degradation

Russa

Ruffolo

2021

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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The degradation of mortars and plasters can represent a threat for their preservation. That is why a deep understanding of the degradation mechanisms and the identification of degradation patterns is strongly recommended for who is in charge of conservation of archaeological sites and of built heritage in general. Here, it has been described what are the main degrading agents that can be detected on mortars and plasters and how they act to produce degradation. Moreover, an overview of the analyses which can be carried out directly on site and in laboratory as well has been reported. The knowledge that can be achieved by using such methods represents an essential tool to set up a suitable conservation plan. In addition, a more detailed analysis can also have a research purpose, since they can be useful to clarify some mechanisms and interactions that still remain unclear.

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Not only wall paintings—pigments for cosmetics

Cited by 32 publications

References 80 publications

History of Natural Ingredients in Cosmetics

History of Natural Ingredients in Cosmetics

Pigments—Lead-based whites, reds, yellows and oranges and their alteration phases

Mortars and plasters - How to characterize mortar and plaster degradation

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