Expression of TGF‑β1 and VEGF in patients with Achilles tendon rupture and the clinical efficacy

Abstract

Expression of transforming growth factor-β1

The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Tendon Healing

“…In addition, newly formed blood vessels via nerve-derived VEGF in tendons harbor more perivascular cells (also called pericyte), which are the source of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) that exhibit mesenchymal stem cell-like characteristics, including self-renewal and regeneration, mediating tendon injury healing ( Tempfer et al, 2009 ; Wu et al, 2017 ; Li et al, 2019 ; Lee et al, 2021 ). Next, as blood vessels form and tendon heal, hypoxia condition at the injured site may be diminished, neuronal fibers density may be decreased, the inflammatory response may be alleviated, and then VEGF expression may be reduced ( Yoshikawa et al, 2006a ; Cui et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Due to the regular changes of VEGF after tendon injury, some studies have proposed that VEGF and neovascularization are considered as observational indexes and predictors of clinical efficacy in patients with tendon injury before and after treatment ( Lakemeier et al, 2010 ; Cui et al, 2019 ). According to Scott A ( Scott et al, 2008 ), the duration of symptoms ranged from 5 to 18 months in VEGF-positive patients, and from 6 to 81 months in VEGF-negative patients suffering from patellar tendinopathy, indicating that patients with VEGF expression healed faster than those without VEGF expression ( Scott et al, 2008 ).…”

Biological and Mechanical Factors and Epigenetic Regulation Involved in Tendon Healing

“…Further, neovascularization involves more pericytes, which surround tendon vasculature and have the ability to self-renew and regenerate and can transform into tendon stem cells, thus mediating tendon injury healing [16,[69][70][71]. Then, as the blood vessel formation and repair processes are gradually completed, oxygen supply to the damaged area may be improved, and inflammation and VEGF expression may decrease [72,73]. The periodic changes in VEGF and neovascularization were regarded as indicators of the severity and recovery status of the injury [68,72].…”

“…Then, as the blood vessel formation and repair processes are gradually completed, oxygen supply to the damaged area may be improved, and inflammation and VEGF expression may decrease [ 72 , 73 ]. The periodic changes in VEGF and neovascularization were regarded as indicators of the severity and recovery status of the injury [ 68 , 72 ].…”

MOFs-Based Nitric Oxide Therapy for Tendon Regeneration

“…Annually, there are over 15 million incidents of tendon injuries worldwide, even worse to disability [2]. Due to the fact that tendons are hypovascular tissue, it is very difficult for tendon regeneration because of the disruption of blood supply after tendon injury [3][4][5]. Therefore, the recovery of blood supply is very important during the repair period of injured tendons.…”