Expression of Prostate‐Specific Membrane Antigen in Normal and Malignant Human Tissues

Abstract

These findings demonstrate that PSMA is widely distributed in normal tissues, and, depending on the tumors, its expression is up- or down-regulated, or unchanged. The broad distribution of PSMA may make it suitable for the diagnosis and therapy of a wide variety of tumors.

Folate hydrolase (prostate-specific antigen) 1 expression in bladder cancer subtypes and associated tumor neovasculature

“…14 Other tumor types that have been shown to express FH(PSA)1 include kidney, stomach, small intestine, colon, lung, adrenal and testis. 6,18 Currently, the exact function of FH(PSA)1 is unknown, although it is known to have FH and naladase activity in cells of the intestinal brush border, brain and spinal cord. 6 FH within the intestinal brush border hydrolyzes dietary polyglutamylated folate to folate, thereby enhancing folate uptake.…”

“…6,18 Currently, the exact function of FH(PSA)1 is unknown, although it is known to have FH and naladase activity in cells of the intestinal brush border, brain and spinal cord. 6 FH within the intestinal brush border hydrolyzes dietary polyglutamylated folate to folate, thereby enhancing folate uptake. 17 In the brain it hydrolyzes N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate to the more potent neurotransmitter glutamate.…”

“…Finally, FH(PSA)1 has recently been found to be strongly and reliably expressed on the malignant neovasculature of many solid neoplasms. 6 Its expression in bladder cancer cells and the associated tumor vasculature has not been previously described.…”

“…[3][4][5] Recent studies have demonstrated variable levels of FH(PSA)1 expression in numerous other tissue types, including cardiac tissue, pancreatic islet cells, lung adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. 6 Some studies have demonstrated FH(PSA)1 expression in the normal urothelium; however, conflicting results make the true expression pattern unclear. [6][7][8][9] Additionally, few studies have examined FH(PSA)1 expression in other bladder cancer subtypes, with only one evaluating primary bladder adenocarcinoma 2 and none evaluating either squamous cell carcinoma or small cell carcinoma.…”

“…6 Some studies have demonstrated FH(PSA)1 expression in the normal urothelium; however, conflicting results make the true expression pattern unclear. [6][7][8][9] Additionally, few studies have examined FH(PSA)1 expression in other bladder cancer subtypes, with only one evaluating primary bladder adenocarcinoma 2 and none evaluating either squamous cell carcinoma or small cell carcinoma. Finally, FH(PSA)1 has recently been found to be strongly and reliably expressed on the malignant neovasculature of many solid neoplasms.…”