Expression of Genes Related to Sugar and Amino Acid Transport and Cytokinin Metabolism during Leaf Development and Senescence in Pisum sativum L.

Ninan, Annu Smitha; Grant, J. E.; Song, Jiancheng; Jameson, Paula E.

doi:10.3390/plants8030076

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The experiment was repeated twice as described in Dhandapani et al (2017) and the averaged fold-change values presented for each time point and tissue. The reference genes GAPDH and 18S rRNA were used as internal controls to normalize the data following the procedure used by Song et al (2012) and Ninan et al (2019). As the data derived from the two independent experiments were so consistent the experiment was not repeated a third time.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cytokinin Complex Associated With Rhodococcus fascians: Which Compounds Are Critical for Virulence?

et al. 2019

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Virulent strains of Rhodococcus fascians cause a range of disease symptoms, many of which can be mimicked by application of cytokinin. Both virulent and avirulent strains produce a complex of cytokinins, most of which can be derived from tRNA degradation. To test the three current hypotheses regarding the involvement of cytokinins as virulence determinants, we used PCR to detect specific genes, previously associated with a linear virulence plasmid, including two methyl transferase genes ( mt1 and mt2 ) and fas4 (dimethyl transferase), of multiple strains of R. fascians . We inoculated Pisum sativum (pea) seeds with virulent and avirulent strains of R. fascians , monitored the plants over time and compared these to mock-inoculated controls. We used RT-qPCR to monitor the expression of mt1, mt2 , and fas4 in inoculated tissues and LC-MS/MS to obtain a comprehensive picture of the cytokinin complement of inoculated cotyledons, roots and shoots over time. The presence and expression of mt1 and mt2 was associated with those strains of R. fascians classed as virulent, and not those classed as avirulent. Expression of mt1, mt2 , and fas4 peaked at 9 days post-inoculation (dpi) in cotyledons and at 15 dpi in shoots and roots developed from seeds inoculated with virulent strain 602. Pea plants inoculated with virulent and avirulent strains of R. fascians both contained cytokinins likely to have been derived from tRNA turnover including the 2-methylthio cytokinins and cis -zeatin-derivatives. Along with the isopentenyladenine-type cytokinins, the levels of these compounds did not correlate with virulence. Only the novel 1- and 2-methylated isopentenyladenine cytokinins were uniquely associated with infection by the virulent strains and are, therefore, the likely causative factors of the disease symptoms.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cytokinin Complex Associated With Rhodococcus fascians: Which Compounds Are Critical for Virulence?

et al. 2019

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“…Those in Cluster 4B including AtAAP1, are necessary for phloem loading and/or seed development (Sanders et al 2009;Santiago and Tegeder 2016), whereas the function of the GFMs in Cluster 1 has yet to be determined. Pea has multiple copies of AAPs, which are distributed in three gene clusters (1, 3A, and 4B) (Dhandapani et al 2017), with expression throughout the plant (Tegeder et al 2007;Ninan et al 2017Ninan et al , 2019.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent overexpression of amino acid permease

et al. 2021

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Using pea as our model crop, we sought to understand the regulatory control over the import of sugars and amino acids into the developing seeds and its importance for seed yield and quality. Transgenic peas simultaneously overexpressing a sucrose transporter and an amino acid transporter were developed. Pod walls, seed coats, and cotyledons were analysed separately, as well as leaves subtending developing pods. Sucrose, starch, protein, free amino acids, and endogenous cytokinins were measured during development. Temporal gene expression analyses (RT-qPCR) of amino acid (AAP), sucrose (SUT), and SWEET transporter family members, and those from cell wall invertase, cytokinin biosynthetic (IPT) and degradation (CKX) gene families indicated a strong effect of the transgenes on gene expression. In seed coats of the double transgenics, increased content and prolonged presence of cytokinin was particularly noticeable. The transgenes effectively promoted transition of young sink leaves into source leaves. We suggest the increased flux of sucrose and amino acids from source to sink, along with increased interaction between cytokinin and cell wall invertase in developing seed coats led to enhanced sink activity, resulting in higher cotyledon sucrose at process pea harvest, and increased seed number and protein content at maturity.

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“…Cytokinins enhanced mRNA accumulation of hexose transporter genes to supply carbohydrates to sink tissues (Roitsch and Ehneß, 2000). Studies have reported that cytokinins involve in amino acid transport and phosphate and potassium homeostasis by controlling the expression of related transporters or signaling genes (Wang et al, 2006;Nam et al, 2012;Ninan et al, 2019). Altogether, these findings indicate that chloroplast genesis and nutrient transport in OsCKX2 OE rice may be defective, which were detrimental to the assimilation, translocation, and distribution of nutrients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Phenotypic, Transcriptomic, and Metabolomic Signatures of Root-Specifically Overexpressed OsCKX2 in Rice

et al. 2021

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Cytokinins are crucial signaling molecules that regulate plant growth and development. OsCKX2 irreversibly degrades nucleobase cytokinins by encoding cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase to control grain production in rice. In this study, OsCKX2 was specifically overexpressed in roots using RCc3 promoter to investigate the effects of root-source cytokinins on the growth of rice. OsCKX2 overexpressed (OE) rice showed retarded growth with lower cytokinin levels and biomass production. Shoot-specific transcriptome analysis between OsCKX2 OE rice and wild type (WT) revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with cell division, cell wall structure, phytohormone signaling, and assimilation and catabolism. Metabolome analysis indicated that a majority of differential primary metabolites, such as amino acids and organic acids, increased, while lipids decreased in OsCKX2 OE rice. Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data showed that several DEGs and differential metabolites were related to glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). To conclude, reduced cytokinin levels via root-specific overexpression of OsCKX2 resulted in developmental defects, which confirmed the importance of root-source cytokinins in plant growth and morphogenesis.

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Expression of Genes Related to Sugar and Amino Acid Transport and Cytokinin Metabolism during Leaf Development and Senescence in Pisum sativum L.

Cited by 16 publications

References 65 publications

The Cytokinin Complex Associated With Rhodococcus fascians: Which Compounds Are Critical for Virulence?

The Cytokinin Complex Associated With Rhodococcus fascians: Which Compounds Are Critical for Virulence?

Concurrent overexpression of amino acid permease

Phenotypic, Transcriptomic, and Metabolomic Signatures of Root-Specifically Overexpressed OsCKX2 in Rice

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