Expression of Genes Involved in ABA and Auxin Metabolism and LEA Gene during Embryogenesis in Hemp

Abstract

The level of phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) and auxins (Aux) changes dynamically during embryogenesis. Knowledge of the transcriptional activity of the genes of their metabolic pathways is essential for a deeper understanding of embryogenesis itself; however, it could also help breeding programs of important plants, such as Cannabis sativa, attractive for the pharmaceutical, textile, cosmetic, and food industries. This work aimed to find out how genes of metabolic pathways of Aux (IAA-1, IAA-2, X15-1, X15-2) and ABA (PP2C-1) alongside one member of the LEA gene family (CanLea34) are expressed in embryos depending on the developmental stage and the embryo cultivation in vitro. Walking stick (WS) and mature (M) cultivated and uncultivated embryos of C. sativa cultivars ‘KC Dora’ and ‘USO 31’ were analyzed. The RT-qPCR results indicated that for the development of immature (VH) embryos, the genes (IAA-1, IAA-2) are likely to be fundamental. Only an increased expression of the CanLea34 gene was characteristic of the fully maturated (M) embryos. In addition, this feature was significantly increased by cultivation. In conclusion, the cultivation led to the upsurge of expression of all studied genes.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible Sengon (Falcataria falcata) Accessions to Gall Rust Disease

“…In addition, the IAA_1 and IAA_2 genes are also adjacent. The IAA_1 and IAA_2 genes are closely related and play an important role in the growth of young plants, where IAA_1 plays a role in auxin catabolism, while IAA_2 plays a role in encoding auxin-induced proteins [14]. The NUOR_1 gene probably has not been maximally expressed as the NUOR gene plays a role in antifungal defense mechanisms [15].…”

Investigation of the Effect of the Auxin Antagonist PEO-IAA on Cannabinoid Gene Expression and Content in Cannabis sativa L. Plants under In Vitro Conditions

“…Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit (Meridian Bioscience Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA) in a 96-well thermocycler CFX Connect Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). The expression levels of different sampling cycles were normalised with the Actin (Act) gene as a reference housekeeping gene [33]. Before the RT-qPCR analyses of RGE profiles of studied genes, primer pairs were subjected to annealing temperature optimization to determine the efficiency of the PCR reaction in the system we used.…”

“…One of the substances suitable for disrupting shoot apical dominance is PEO-IAA, a novel molecule exhibiting strong anti-auxin activity [27]. The phytohormone Aux is an essential phytohormone regulator of apical dominance, cell elongation, primary root elongation, lateral root formation, plant embryogenesis, and many others [31][32][33]. The moderately short but universal Aux signalling pathway allows fast switching between repression and activation of gene transcription via auxin-dependent degradation of transcriptional repressors [33,34].…”

“…The phytohormone Aux is an essential phytohormone regulator of apical dominance, cell elongation, primary root elongation, lateral root formation, plant embryogenesis, and many others [31][32][33]. The moderately short but universal Aux signalling pathway allows fast switching between repression and activation of gene transcription via auxin-dependent degradation of transcriptional repressors [33,34]. At high concentrations, it is assumed that auxin stabilises the interaction between TIR1/AFB and AUX/IAA transcriptional repressors, representing the core auxin signalling pathway together with auxin response factor (ARF) transcription factors [35].…”

Effect of augmented nutrient composition and fertigation system on biomass yield and cannabinoid content of medicinal cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation

“…Indoor cultivation has evolved through techniques like ‘sinsemilla’ (cultivating non-pollinated female plants), cuttings from superior mother plants, and hydroponic systems ( Moeller and Lindholst, 2014 ). In vitro plant tissue culture techniques have emerged as a helpful approach ( Hesami et al., 2021 ; Král et al., 2022 ; Šenkyřík et al., 2023 ), allowing for large-scale production of genetically identical plants in controlled laboratory conditions ( Lata et al., 2016 ). These methods, combined with intensive breeding, have increased yields of female inflorescences and their THC (Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol) levels ( Toonen et al., 2006 ) and improved cannabinoid profile uniformity by altering plant architecture ( Danziger and Bernstein, 2021 ).…”