Expression of CD14 and Toll-like receptor 2 in farmers' and nonfarmers' children

Lauener, Roger; Birchler, Thomas; Adamski, Jill; Braun‐Fahrländer, Charlotte; Bufe, Albrecht; Herz, Udo; Mutius, Erika von; Nowak, Dennis; Riedler, Josef; Waser, Marco; Sennhauser, Felix H.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09641-1

Cited by 277 publications

(176 citation statements)

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“…Helminths and regulatory T cells may be involved exposure to LPS and pets, growing 2002 in the protection against atopic disease (54,128) up on a farm, and composition of indigenous microbiota of major Regulatory T cells can prevent airway inflammation importance (140,145) Focus on regulatory T cells Toll-like receptors may be involved in the protection and Toll -like receptors against atopic disease (146) von Hertzen and Haahtela (129). Man has co-evolved with parasites and the constant pressure by bacterial and viral infections (153), and in affluent Western countries, lack of such pressure may have resulted in impaired maturation of the immune system in susceptible individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asthma and atopy – the price of affluence?

Hertzen

Haahtela²

2004

Allergy

121

110

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Irrespective of improved knowledge of many aspects of atopic diseases, the unfavorable trends in their prevalence particularly among children could not have been reversed. A growing body of evidence suggests that something may lack from our societal affluence that has the capacity to provide protection against the development of atopic diseases. Much attention during the last years has been devoted to the hygiene hypothesis. This review outlines the impact of environment and lifestyle, particularly from the perspective of the East–West gradient, on the development of atopic diseases, with a special emphasis on the hygiene hypothesis in its broadest sense.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asthma and atopy – the price of affluence?

Hertzen

Haahtela²

2004

Allergy

121

110

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“…Several studies comparing farm and non-farm children in the development of allergy and asthma have demonstrated significantly fewer allergies in the later group, who arguably have higher exposure to microbial products [26,27]. A recent study showed that the expression of TLR on peripheral blood cells of farmer' and non-farmer' children are different, suggesting the involvement of altered innate immunity caused by microbial exposure in the modulation of allergic reaction [28]. The finding of high TLR9 expression in the present study is particularly interesting because TLR9 is the receptor for bacterial CpG motifs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendritic cells from Chlamydia‐infected mice show altered Toll‐like receptor expression and play a crucial role in inhibition of allergic responses to ovalbumin

et al. 2004

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Our previous study has shown that Chlamydia lung infection can inhibit local eosinophilic inflammation induced by allergen sensitization and challenge, which is correlated with altered cytokine production. In the present study, we examined the role played by dendritic cells (DC) in chlamydial infection-mediated modulation of allergic responses. The results showed that DC freshly isolated from Chlamydia-infected mice (iIDC), unlike those from naive control mice (iNDC), could efficiently modulate immune responses to ovalbumin in vitro and in vivo. Co-culture of freshly isolated DC with naive CD4 cells from T cell receptor transgenic mice (DO11.10) showed that iIDC directed Th1-dominant, while iNDC directed Th2-dominant, allergen-specific CD4 T cell responses. Moreover, adoptive transfer of iIDC, but not iNDC, could inhibit systemic and local eosinophilia induced by allergen exposure. The reduction of eosinophilia was associated with a decrease in IL-5 receptor expression on bone marrow cells and the production of IL-5 and IL-13 by T lymphocytes. Analysis of the DC showed that iIDC expressed significantly higher levels of mRNA for Toll-like receptor 9 and produced more IL-12 compared to iNDC. The data demonstrate a critical role played by DC in infection-mediated inhibition of allergic responses.

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“…This process likely involves upregulation of different innate receptors (e.g. TLR) 4 . For example, upregulation of TLR2-expression has been shown in farm children at school age 4 , and TLR2/TLR4-upregulation was strongly determined by maternal exposure to stables during pregnancy 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TLR) 4 . For example, upregulation of TLR2-expression has been shown in farm children at school age 4 , and TLR2/TLR4-upregulation was strongly determined by maternal exposure to stables during pregnancy 3 . These human data were supported by murine studies, demonstrating decreased allergic responses following TLR2/TLR4 stimulation 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%