Expression and purification of epitope vaccine against four virulence proteins from Helicobacter pylori and construction of label-free electrochemical immunosensor

The role of nanoparticles in non‐invasive electrochemical immunosensor technology and recent developments

“…Reprinted (adapted) with permission from [44], C) The preparation procedure of Ti 3 C 2 T x /AuNPs@CNFILPE immunosensor. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from [42], D) Immobilization of bioparts, and SPE-designed immunosensor. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from [46], E) Immunosensor coupled with the portable potentiostat for point-of-care COVID-19 diagnosis.…”

“…Because this choice plays an active role in many issues, from cost to sensitivity. Materials such as glassy carbon [41], carbon paste [42], indium tin oxide (ITO) [43], and gold electrodes [44] are still widely used as electrodes in electrochemical immunosensor studies to date. Although some of these types of electrodes are designed for single use, others require a delicate cleaning step before each use.…”

“…Du and his colleagues constructed titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x )/colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNps)@carbon nanofiber/ionic liquid‐based (IL) composite paste electrode (CNFPE) for the immobilization of epitope vaccine against four virulence proteins (FVpE) (Figure 4C). It has been explained that this label‐free electrochemical immunosensor is a platform that can be used to detect Helicobacter pylori [42]. Considering the current disadvantages and problems, the advancement of biosensor technology continues and the use of disposable screen‐printed electrodes (SPEs), which have lower cost and the possibility to customize production, enable to connect to portable devices and mass production, has become widespread.…”

Importance of DNA nanotechnology for DNA methyltransferases in biosensing assays

“…Various analytical methods have been developed to overcome these limitations, including fluorescence, [23][24][25] electrochemical, 26,27 surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), 28,29 electrochemiluminescence, [30][31][32] chemiluminescence, 33 photoelectrochemical biosensing assays (PEC), 34,35 and colorimetric assays. 36,37 These methods not only enhance the sensitivity of DNMT detection, are easy to operate, and are low cost, but also provide certain advantages in the detection of other molecular biomarkers in the biological field, such as exosomes, [38][39][40] nucleic acids, [41][42][43] proteins, 44,45 antibodies, 46,47 cells, 48,49 enzymes, 50,51 and other important biological target assays.…”