Expression and Function of the Progesterone Receptor in Human Prostate Stroma Provide Novel Insights to Cell Proliferation Control

Abstract

PR plays an inhibitory role in prostate stromal cell proliferation.

Epithelial and stromal alterations in prostate after cypermethrin administration in adult albino rats (histological and biochemical study)

“…Also, with aging, Bianchi-Frias et al (2010) observed that collagen matrix was abundant and disorganized, SMCs orientation was disordered and inflammatory infiltrates were significantly increased in mouse prostate stroma. These stromal alterations which was accompanied by epithelial degenerative changes in prostate of cypermethrin treated group in the present work could be explained by Niu and Xia (2009) and Yue et al (2013) who suggested that aberrant stromal cell proliferation and altered stroma microenvironment can disrupt the balance between epithelial and stromal cells and result in diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and may leading to an androgenindependent cancer. As stromal SMCs were reported to have androgen receptors, they could modulate epithelium growth and mediate androgen-driven stromal-epithelial interactions in adult mouse prostates Welsh et al (2011) and Lai et al (2012).…”

Androgen Receptor Splice Variants in the Era of Enzalutamide and Abiraterone

“…Two isoforms of the PR (isoforms A and B) are expressed in stromal fibroblast and smooth muscle cells of the prostate and are known to regulate cell proliferation [98, 32]. While evidence supporting a role of PR in resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide is currently weak, further studies could implicate the role of PR signaling in CRPC in the absence of circulating androgens, depicted in Figure 2, pathway 6.…”

WOMEN IN CANCER THEMATIC REVIEW: New roles for nuclear receptors in prostate cancer

“…In the surrounding stroma, PR expression is very apparent and indisputable; however, its expression in the benign and malignant epithelium is varied (Brolin et al 1992, Bonkhoff et al 2001, Latil et al 2001, Luetjens et al 2006, Yu et al 2013. There have been reports of PR expression in primary prostate cancer and metastatic samples, and an association with ER levels; which is unsurprising as the PR gene is an ER target (Hobisch et al 1997, Hiramatsu et al 1996, Bonkhoff et al 2001, Latil et al 2001.…”

“…In the stroma, both isoforms are much more prominent than in the epithelia. Here progesterone inhibits stromal cell proliferation and alters differentiation towards an activated phenotype (Yu et al 2013. PR activity in the stroma not only regulates the secretion of factors which slightly suppress tumour proliferation but also dramatically inhibits cancer cell motility .…”