Exposure to Soy-Based Formula in Infancy and Endocrinological and Reproductive Outcomes in Young Adulthood

Strom, Brian L.; Schinnar, Rita; Ziegler, Ekhard E.; Barnhart, Kurt T.; Sammel, Mary D.; Macones, George A.; Stallings, Virginia A.; Drulis, Jean M.; Nelson, Steven E.; Hanson, Sandra A.

doi:10.1001/jama.286.7.807

Cited by 290 publications

(229 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…These data suggest that soy formula may prolong the physiologic estrogenization of the newborn. Among the rare reports evaluating the long term reproductive health impact of soy formula, a retrospective cohort study found that women who participated in a soy formula study as infants reported no significant differences in the onset of puberty or in reproductive functions, but did report slightly longer menstrual bleedings and more discomfort than those who were fed with milk formulas (Strom et al, 2001). However, the true relevance of this study has been the subject of controversy, due to the lack of direct measurements of hormone levels and reproductive functions (Goldman et al, 2001;Tan et al, 2006).…”

Section: Soy-based Infant Formula: a Source For Concern?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soy, phytoestrogens and their impact on reproductive health

Cederroth

Zimmermann

Nef

2012

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

189

117

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a b s t r a c tThere is growing interest in the potential health threats posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to the reproductive system. Soybean is the most important dietary source of isoflavones, an important class of phytoestrogen. While consumption of soy food or phytoestrogen supplements has been frequently associated with beneficial health effects, the potentially adverse effects on development, fertility, and the reproductive and endocrine systems are likely underappreciated. Here we review the available epidemiological, clinical and animal data on the effects of soy and phytoestrogens on the development and function of the male and female reproductive system, and weigh the evidence as to their detrimental impact.

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Section: Soy-based Infant Formula: a Source For Concern?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soy, phytoestrogens and their impact on reproductive health

Cederroth

Zimmermann

Nef

2012

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

189

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, at the present time, it is not known whether the high perinatal soy exposure among infant soy formula users has any effect on later breast cancer risk. The conclusions reached in reviews discussing the safety of infant soy formula suggest that it does not appear to cause adverse general health or reproductive outcomes or affect human growth (Strom et al, 2001). More cautious authors propose that the existing data are insufficient to draw definitive conclusions on safety and that the use of soy protein formulae should be limited only to those who cannot consume casein-based formulas (Turck, 2007).…”

Section: Ratsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of early life genistein exposures in modifying breast cancer risk

et al. 2008

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Review of the existing literature suggests that consumption of soy foods or an exposure to a soy isoflavone genistein during childhood and adolescence in women, and before puberty onset in animals, reduces later mammary cancer risk. In animal studies, an exposure that is limited to the fetal period or adult life does not appear to have the same protective effect. A meta-analysis of human studies indicates a modest reduction in pre-and postmenopausal risk when dietary intakes are assessed during adult life. These findings concur with emerging evidence indicating that timing may be vitally important in determining the effects of various dietary exposures on the susceptibility to develop breast cancer. In this review, we address the mechanisms that might mediate the effects of an early life exposure to genistein on the mammary gland. The focus is on changes in gene expression, such as those involving BRCA1 and PTEN. It will be debated whether mammary stem cells are the targets of genistein-induced alterations and also whether the alterations are epigenetic. We propose that the effects on mammary gland morphology and signalling pathways induced by pubertal exposure to genistein mimic those induced by the oestrogenic environment of early first pregnancy.

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“…Although it has been proposed (Irvine, 1995) that soybased infant formulas may impair the physical, physiological and behavioral development, a long-term follow-up study in men and women who had been fed soy formula during infancy (Strom et al, 2001) detected no adverse effects on more than 30 outcomes. In our study, the girls reported no health complications related to soy consumption.…”

Section: Soy Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary isoflavone excretion as a compliance measure in a soy intervention among young girls: a pilot study

et al. 2004

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Objective: To investigate the compliance of young girls with a soy intervention. Design: An 8-week dietary intervention and urine sample collection. Setting: Free-living girls. Subjects: A convenience sample of 8-to 14-y-old girls (20 started and 17 finished the study) recruited through flyers distributed to staff members and previous study participants. Intervention: The girls consumed one daily serving of soymilk, soy nuts, or tofu, completed 3-day food records, kept daily soy intake logs, and collected weekly urine samples. Main outcome measures: Compliance with the intervention was evaluated by daily soy intake logs, 3-day food records analyzed by the center's Food Composition and Food Groups Servings Databases, and weekly urinary isoflavone excretion using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The statistical analysis included paired t-tests, analysis of variance, and Spearman's rankorder correlation coefficients. Results: Daily soy intake logs indicated a mean intake of 6.28 servings out of a maximum of 7.0 servings per week. The food records revealed a six-fold increase in isoflavone intake during the study period (Po0.01) which was confirmed by an increase in urinary isoflavone excretion of similar magnitude (23.3-142.1 nmol/mg creatinine, P ¼ 0.02). Conclusions: This study demonstrated the ability of young girls to consume one daily soy serving and the usefulness of urinary isoflavones as a primary compliance measure. The high urinary isoflavone excretion levels detected in girls as compared to adult women suggest less intestinal degradation and/or greater absorption of isoflavones in nonadult populations. This finding requires further investigations into the pharmacokinetics of isoflavones.

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Exposure to Soy-Based Formula in Infancy and Endocrinological and Reproductive Outcomes in Young Adulthood

Abstract: Exposure to soy formula does not appear to lead to different general health or reproductive outcomes than exposure to cow milk formula. Although the few positive findings should be explored in future studies, our findings are reassuring about the safety of infant soy formula.

Cited by 290 publications

References 44 publications

Soy, phytoestrogens and their impact on reproductive health

Soy, phytoestrogens and their impact on reproductive health

The role of early life genistein exposures in modifying breast cancer risk

Urinary isoflavone excretion as a compliance measure in a soy intervention among young girls: a pilot study

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