Exposure to organophosphate esters, phthalates, and alternative plasticizers in association with uterine fibroids

Lee, Gowoon; Kim, Sunmi; Bastiaensen, Michiel; Malarvannan, Govindan; Poma, Giulia; Caballero-Casero, Noelia; Gys, Celine; Lee, Sung‐Gyu; Lim, Jung Min; Mok, Sori; Moon, Hyo‐Bang; Choi, Gyuyeon; Choi, Kyungho

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109874

Cited by 51 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Two experimental studies reported effects on the testes and Leydig cells following DINCH exposure, while another study reported no alterations to male reproductive function [19,45,46]. In addition, a few epidemiologic studies have linked urinary metabolites of DINCH and DEHT to uterine fibroids and oxidative stress and inflammation, however, the results to date lack consensus [47][48][49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phthalate and novel plasticizer concentrations in food items from U.S. fast food chains: a preliminary analysis

Edwards

McCray

VanNoy

et al. 2021

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Background Fast food consumption is associated with biomarkers of ortho-phthalates exposures. However, the chemical content of fast food is unknown; certain ortho-phthalates (i.e., di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) have been phased out and replaced with other plasticizers (e.g., dioctyl terephthalate (DEHT)). Objective We conducted a preliminary study to examine ortho-phthalate and replacement plasticizer concentrations in foods and food handling gloves from U.S. fast food restaurants. Methods We obtained hamburgers, fries, chicken nuggets, chicken burritos, cheese pizza (n = 64 food samples) and gloves (n = 3) from restaurants and analyzed them for 11 chemicals using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Results We found DEHT at the highest concentrations in both foods (n = 19; median = 2510 µg/kg; max = 12,400 µg/kg) and gloves (n = 3; range: 28–37% by weight). We detected DnBP and DEHP in 81% and 70% of food samples, respectively. Median DEHT concentrations were significantly higher in burritos than hamburgers (6000 µg/kg vs. 2200 µg/kg; p < 0.0001); DEHT was not detected in fries. Cheese pizza had the lowest levels of most chemicals. Significance To our knowledge, these are the first measurements of DEHT in food. Our preliminary findings suggest that ortho-phthalates remain ubiquitous and replacement plasticizers may be abundant in fast food meals. Impact statement A selection of popular fast food items sampled in this study contain detectable levels of replacement plasticizers and concerning ortho-phthalates. In addition, food handling gloves contain replacement plasticizers, which may be a source of food contamination. These results, if confirmed, may inform individual and regulatory exposure reduction strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phthalate and novel plasticizer concentrations in food items from U.S. fast food chains: a preliminary analysis

Edwards

McCray

VanNoy

et al. 2021

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Xu et al reported that tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), a kind of OPE, leads to hepatocellular injury with elevation of serum aminotransferase levels in mice (Xu et al 2016 ). Similarly, Lee et al also demonstrated that DPHP is significantly associated with uterine fibroids (Lee et al 2020 ). Moreover, Meeker et al found that triphenyl phosphate (TPP), another kind of OPE, may be associated with an increase in prolactin and decrease in semen quality in men (Meeker and Stapleton 2010 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

The associations between organophosphate esters and urinary incontinence in the general US population

Jin

Qiu

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Organophosphate esters (OPEs) impact health in many ways. Since its relationship with urinary incontinence remains unknown, we aimed to explore their associations in the US general population. We combined the results of urine specimens test and self-reported urinary incontinence conditions from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2014 among 2666 participants and then conducted linear regression and logistic regression to analyse associations between log2-transformed OPE concentrations and urinary incontinence. We found that 0.92% of men and 15.74% of women complained of mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). The concentrations of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were significantly correlated to MUI among women when treated as a continuous variable (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01–1.31; p = 0.0369) and as a categorical variable (adjusted OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03–1.49; p for trend = 0.0245), whereas no positive correlation was found in males. There were no significant associations between the other three OPEs: bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and dibutyl phosphate (DBUP). The association of DPHP with an increased prevalence OR of MUI in women is a public health concern; future prospective studies are needed to explore its potential mechanism.

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“…Many observational studies have investigated associations between phthalate metabolite biomarker concentrations and uterine fibroids [ 16 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. A 2017 meta-analysis found no significant pooled associations between total urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and uterine fibroids, whereas DEHP metabolites were associated with higher odds of fibroids [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A 2017 meta-analysis found no significant pooled associations between total urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and uterine fibroids, whereas DEHP metabolites were associated with higher odds of fibroids [ 16 ]. Additional recent studies have confirmed positive associations between urinary DEHP metabolites, especially mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), and fibroids [ 27 , 28 ]. A major limitation of these studies is that urine samples for phthalate biomarker assessment were collected after fibroid diagnosis, which makes it difficult to establish temporality and causality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Midlife Urinary Phthalate Metabolite Concentrations and Prior Uterine Fibroid Diagnosis

Pacyga

Ryva

Nowak

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Fibroid etiology is poorly understood but is likely hormonally mediated. Therefore, we evaluated associations between midlife phthalates (hormone-altering chemicals) and prior fibroid diagnosis, and considered differences by weight gain status. Women (ages: 45–54; n = 754) self-reported past fibroid diagnosis. We pooled 1–4 urines collected after fibroid diagnosis over the consecutive weeks to analyze nine phthalate metabolites and calculate relevant molar sums (e.g., di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, ΣDEHP; anti-androgenic phthalates, ΣAA; all metabolites, ΣPhthalates). Using Poisson regression, we evaluated associations between phthalate biomarkers and the risk of having fibroid diagnosis. We explored if associations differed by weight gain from age 18 to 45–54 or in women diagnosed with fibroids within 5 years of phthalate assessment. Our major finding was that women had a 13% (RR: 1.13; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.26) and 16% (RR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.31) greater risk of prior fibroid diagnosis for each two-fold increase in ΣDEHP or ΣAA, respectively. These associations were strongest in women who became overweight/obese from age 18 to 45–54 and in those diagnosed <5 years before phthalate assessment. Based on these results, prospective studies should corroborate our findings related to associations between phthalates and fibroids, and may consider evaluating the role that weight gain may play in these associations.

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Exposure to organophosphate esters, phthalates, and alternative plasticizers in association with uterine fibroids

Cited by 51 publications

References 66 publications

Phthalate and novel plasticizer concentrations in food items from U.S. fast food chains: a preliminary analysis

Phthalate and novel plasticizer concentrations in food items from U.S. fast food chains: a preliminary analysis

The associations between organophosphate esters and urinary incontinence in the general US population

Midlife Urinary Phthalate Metabolite Concentrations and Prior Uterine Fibroid Diagnosis

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