Exposure to lead by the oral and the pulmonary routes of children living in the vicinity of a primary lead smelter

Roels, Harry; Buchet, Jean‐Pierre; Lauwerys, Robert; Bruaux, P.; Claeys-Thoreau, F.; Lafontaine, A; Verduyn, G.

doi:10.1016/0013-9351(80)90121-8

Cited by 210 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Environmental monitoring showed that Peer was less polluted than the suburbs of Hoboken and Wilrijk, which are located 11-13 km southeast of the chemical and petrochemical industry established in the seaport of Antwerp. These locations are also the seat of a large nonferrous metal smelter (Hoboken) (10), two municipal waste incinerators (Wilrijk), a crematory (Wilrijk), and several small or medium-size enterprises manufacturing electronic equipment, plastics, and nonferrous products (9). and 1997 their dioxin emissions had exceeded the standard [> 0.1 ng toxic equivalents (TEQ)/m 3 ] (11).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the prevalence of tobacco use by girls and boys was the same, the number of cigarettes smoked per day was higher in boys: Median daily use was 11 cigarettes (IQR, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] The geometric mean of the summed PCBs (138, 153, and 180) was higher in boys than in girls (1.67 nmol/L vs. 1.02 nmol/L; p < 0.001), and the corresponding PCB values standardized per gram of total serum lipids were 377 vs. 210 pmol (p < 0.001; Figure 1). The concentrations of the serum PCBs did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers (1.22 nmol/L vs. 1.28 nmol/L; p = 0.56).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Host and environmental determinants of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in serum of adolescents.

Nawrot

Staessen

Hond

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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This study investigated host factors and environmental factors as potential determinants of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (PCAHs) in serum of adolescents. We recruited 200 participants (80 boys and 120 girls), with a mean age of 17.4 years (SD, 0.8), in Belgium from a rural control area (Peer) and from two polluted suburbs of Antwerp where a nonferrous smelter (Hoboken) and waste incinerators (Wilrijk) are located. We quantified polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; congeners 138, 153, and 180) in serum by gas chromatography and obtained the toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PCAHs in serum with the chemically activated luciferase gene expression bioassay (CALUX). Serum PCB concentration was higher in boys than in girls (1.67 vs. 1.02 nmol/L or 377 vs. 210 pmol/g serum lipids; p< 0.001). In the whole adolescent group, multiple regression showed that serum PCB concentration decreased 0.06 nmol/L per 1% increase in body fat content (p< 0.001) and increased 0.39 nmol/L and 0.14 nmol/L per 1 mmol/L increase in serum concentrations of triglycerides (p < 0.001) and cholesterol (p = 0.002), respectively. Host factors explained 44% of the serum PCB variance. In the same model, serum PCB concentration increased 0.14 nmol/L with 10 weeks of breast-feeding (p< 0.001) and 0.06 nmol/L with intake of 10 g animal fat per day (p < 0.001), and was associated with residence in the waste incinerator area (9% higher; p = 0.04); 11% of the variance could be explained by these environmental factors. The geometric mean of the serum TEQ value was similar in boys and girls (0.15 TEQ ng/L or 33.0 pg/g serum lipids). In multiple regression, TEQ in serum decreased 0.03 ng/L per centimeter increase in triceps skinfold (p = 0.006) and was 29% higher in subjects living close to the nonferrous smelter (p < 0.001). This study showed that in 16- to 18-year-old teenagers host factors are important determinants of serum concentrations of PCAHs, whereas environmentally related determinants may to some extent contribute independently to human exposure to these persistent chemicals in the environment.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host and environmental determinants of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in serum of adolescents.

Nawrot

Staessen

Hond

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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show abstract

“…It seems unlikely that such differences in a really exist, and the assumption that inhalation is the only important route for children could therefore be incorrect. In a study carried out around a lead smelter in Belgium, Roels et al (22) measured the blood-lead levels of children (9-14 years) and some teachers at two schools within 1 km of the smelter, and also at two control schools. The relevant results are summarized in Table 6.…”

Section: Effects Of Living In a Contaminated Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The differences between the concentrations at the two heights were not significant at any of the sites. Again, during the study mentioned earlier, Roels and his colleagues (22) measured not only airborne lead and blood-lead levels, but also the amount of lead, Pb(H), on the hands of the children. The authors found that the multiple regression coefficient of Pb(B)Pb(A)log Pb(H) calculated for the four groups of children combined was highly significant.…”

Section: Effects Of Living In a Contaminated Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Lead in Dust to Children's Blood Lead

Duggan¹

1983

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…Nevertheless, among infants and children the mouthing of objects and hands as well as the existence of possible ingestion of non-food substances such as paint and lead-contaminated dirt may well distort this percentage ingested from food, particularly in environments where lead contaminated dirt and dust contain 100 ppm lead. 7 This study was undertaken to determine the average daily dietary lead intake of a cross-sectional sample of American children ages birth to five years. An additional objective of this study was to assess the food sources that contributed to the average lead intake of the sample population.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary lead intake of preschool children.

Bander¹,

Morgan²,

Zabik³

1983

Am J Public Health

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A nationwide, seven-day food consumption survey of 371 preschool children between the ages of birth and five years indicated that a direct linear relationship existed between age and increased dietary lead intake from foods consumed. Daily dietary lead intake averaged 62 ,ug and ranged from 15 ,ug to 234 ,ug. The various levels of lead intake were attributed to frequency of consumption of food items, quantity of food consumed, and the lead Lead poisoning is an important public health problem, with the adverse effects of lead on human health having been recognized for centuries.' In the United States, the majority of non-industrial cases of lead intoxication occur in children between the ages of one and six years, with the highest incidence between two and three years.23 Over 250,000 United States children per year are presently assessed for undue absorption of lead.4 Therefore, the recognition of factors, both synergistic and antagonistic, which influence the toxicity of lead are essential for adequate understanding of the sources and effects of environmental lead on young children. ' Previous research in this area has revealed that lead intake levels, once thought to be acceptable, were in fact, unacceptable.5 This prompted the Food and Drug Administration to establish as a long range goal that lead intake from all sources, by children birth to five years of age, not exceed 100 ,ug per day.6 Mahaffey* estimated that 55 to 85 per cent of a person's daily exposure to lead can be accounted for by foods consumed. Nevertheless, among infants and children the mouthing of objects and hands as well as the existence of possible ingestion of non-food substances such as paint and lead-contaminated dirt may well distort this percentage ingested from food, particularly in environments where lead contaminated dirt and dust contain 100 ppm lead.7This study was undertaken to determine the average daily dietary lead intake of a cross-sectional sample of American children ages birth to five years. An additional objective of this study was to assess the food sources that contributed to the average lead intake of the sample population.It is important to recognize that this investigation does not consider the per cent absorpiton of lead from diets but rather only the lead obtained from food as ingested. Balance studies, such as that carried out by Kehoe,8 and studies which examine fecal matter from children in whom lead intoxication has been discovered,9-'' serve a different pur- content of particular food items. To account for variation in the quantity of food consumed by the various children, average lead intake per 500 kilocalories consumed and per 500 g of food consumed was calculated. When these standardization procedures were followed, an equalization in the average daily dietary lead intake values was observed among the various aged children. (Am J Piublic Health 1983; 73:789-794.)

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Exposure to lead by the oral and the pulmonary routes of children living in the vicinity of a primary lead smelter

Cited by 210 publications

References 19 publications

Host and environmental determinants of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in serum of adolescents.

Host and environmental determinants of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in serum of adolescents.

Contribution of Lead in Dust to Children's Blood Lead

Dietary lead intake of preschool children.

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