Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in Humans during Pregnancy

Latini, Giuseppe; Felice, Claudio De; Presta, G.; Vecchio, Antonio Del; Paris, Irma; Ruggieri, Fabrizio; Mazzeo, Pietro

doi:10.1159/000067012

Cited by 120 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Because the DEHP action depends on dose, time, and age (Latini 2000) and because DEHP effects are influenced by the stage of development at exposure among animals (Akingbemi et al 2001), the DEHP-related exposure risk is potentially higher for the developing fetus and newborn, particularly preterm. Recently, our preliminary findings indicated that the exposure to these environmental contaminants begins during intrauterine life, that these chemicals are able to cross the placental barrier, and that fetal exposure is closely related to maternal exposure (Latini et al 2003). The aim of this study was to measure concentrations of DEHP and/or its main metabolite, mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), in a larger population of human neonates and to evaluate possible biologic effects from prenatal exposure to DEHP and/or MEHP.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and duration of human pregnancy.

Latini

Felice

Presta

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

465

286

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Phthalate esters are used widely as plasticizers for polyvinylchloride (PVC) formulations in several applications, including medical devices, toys, food wraps, and building products, to impart flexibility to an otherwise rigid PVC. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used plasticizer. Because DEHP does not bind with the plastic, it leaches with time and use from vinyl products, thus becoming a ubiquitous environmental contaminant (Bauer and Herrmann 1997;Bradbury 1996;Giam et al. 1978;Griffiths et al. 1985;Mayer et al. 1972;Mes et al. 1974;Øie et al. 1997;Sharman et al. 1994). In particular, leaching of DEHP from PVC medical devices and deposits in tissue have been well documented (Latini 2000;Tickner et al. 2001). Because the DEHP action depends on dose, time, and age (Latini 2000) and because DEHP effects are influenced by the stage of development at exposure among animals (Akingbemi et al. 2001), the DEHP-related exposure risk is potentially higher for the developing fetus and newborn, particularly preterm. Recently, our preliminary findings indicated that the exposure to these environmental contaminants begins during intrauterine life, that these chemicals are able to cross the placental barrier, and that fetal exposure is closely related to maternal exposure (Latini et al. 2003). The aim of this study was to measure concentrations of DEHP and/or its main metabolite, mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), in a larger population of human neonates and to evaluate possible biologic effects from prenatal exposure to DEHP and/or MEHP. Patients and MethodsSubjects. Cord blood samples were collected from 84 consecutive newborns (82 singletons, two twins), born at the general-practice Brindisi Hospital, with the following characteristics: 39 male, 45 female; maternal age at delivery, 29.5 ± 5.1 years (range = 18-42); vaginal delivery, n = 65 (77.4%); gestational age, 38.4 ± 2.2 weeks (range = 27-42); birth weight, 3,220 ± 680 g, (range = 1,150-4,350); 1-min Apgar score, 7.9 ± 0.9; 5-min Apgar score, 8.8 ± 0.5. Eleven of 84 infants were preterm; only three had very low birth weight. Moreover, four infants who were small for gestational age (SGA) were present in our population. None of the examined infants was born after in vitro fertilization pregnancy. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Brindisi Hospital (Brindisi, Italy), and written informed consent from the parents was obtained. Blood specimens were immediately centrifuged (3,500 × g, 7 min), and serum was stored at -20°C until assay. To avoid any contamination from plasticizers in lab equipment, the serum sample collection, preservation, and treatment were performed only with glass devices. The concentrations of DEHP and MEHP were determined by highperformance liquid chromatography, at the Department of Chemistry of the University of L'Aquila, an institution certified in agreement with the International Organization for Standardization 9001 quality system, as described previously .Data analysis. Data are expressed as mean ± SD...

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mentioning

confidence: 98%

In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and duration of human pregnancy.

Latini

Felice

Presta

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

465

286

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“…A small thymic size at birth has also been reported in cases of histologic chorioamnionitis [2, 5, 12,14], while significant thymus and spleen atrophy in di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-treated mice has been described [15]. Very recently, DEHP exposure during pregnancy in humans has been documented [10]. Correlations between thymic size, chorioamnionitis and adverse outcome should be investigated in the future.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Small thymus at birth and neonatal outcome in very-low-birth-weight infants

et al. 2003

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Acute thymic involution in the human fetus and newborn is associated with histological chorioamnionitis, a leading cause of prematurity, neonatal morbidity and mortality [3, 5,12,14]. Positive linear relationships between thymus size, birth weight [7] and gestational age [5] have been reported. Although a small thymus size at birth has been shown to be an accurate predictor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants [4], no information exists to date on the relationship between thymus size and other adverse neonatal outcomes. A total of 326 consecutive VLBW newborns who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Brindisi and who survived for at least 36 weeks' post-conceptional age were recruited (157 males, 169 females; gestational age: 28.9±3.1 weeks, range: 24-32; birth weight: 1,205±235 g, range: 550-1,490. Over the last 16 years, a minimal handling policy, i.e. nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) and/or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (nIPPV) for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), has been used in the Brindisi NICU [9]. Major malformations, primary immunodeficiency disorders and mediastinal diseases were excluded. A single standardised dose of prenatal steroid was used in our population. Thymic size was measured on standard chest radiographs routinely performed for clinical reasons. Thymic size was expressed as the ratio between the transverse diameter of the cardiothymic image at the level of the carina and that of the thorax (CT/T) [2, 4, 5], and a CT/T <0.28 was considered to indicate a small thymic size [2]. Each measurement was made in triplicate and mean values were used for data analysis. Mean intra-and inter-observer coefficients of variation were 3.2% and 5.1%, respectively [1]. Chest radiographs with ill-defined cardiothymic silhouette were excluded. Approval of the Institutional Review Board and informed consent from the parents were obtained. BPD is usually defined as oxygen dependency at 28 days' postnatal age or 36 weeks' post-conceptional age. In this respect, the last definition was not applicable due to the very low incidence of oxygen-dependency at 36 weeks in our population [4,9]. Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH, grades 1-4] and periventricular leukomalacia (PVLM), necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP, grades 1-5), RDS, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and seizures were defined according to widely recognised criteria. Sepsis was defined as described [13]. Data were expressed as means ± standard deviation for continuous, normally distributed data and medians with inter-quartile range for non-normal distributions. The t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, and v 2 test or Fisher's exact test were used to compare continuous, normally distributed data, non-parametric continuous data and categorical data, respectively. Data were analysed by multiple logistic regression models, with each of the end-points (RDS, PDA, ROP, PVL, IVH, NEC, sepsis, seizures) as the dependent variab...

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“…Ftalati se unose u organizam ingestijom, inhalacijom i dermalnim izlaganjem tijekom cijelog života, ali i u vrijeme intrauterinog života (4,17,31). Dermalno i inhalatorno izlaganje ftalatima smatra se najčešćim putem unosa DEP-a koji je pronađen u higijenskim proizvodima kao što su sapun, šampon i kozmetika, ali je moguće i oralno izlaganje konzumacijom ilegalnih (neregistriranih) alkoholnih pića, u kojima se koristi kao sredstvo za denaturaciju etanola (5).…”

Section: Izloženost Ftalatimaunclassified

Exposure to Phtalates and Their Presence in Alcoholic Beverages

Jurica

Uršulin-Trstenjak

Lušić

et al. 2013

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Ftalati su esteri ftalne kiseline i alifatskih alkohola koji se dodaju u plastične mase da bi se poboljšala njihova mekoća, savitljivost i rastezljivost. Zbog svojih fi zičko-kemijskih svojstava ftalati su vrlo mobilni i lako migriraju iz plastičnih proizvoda u prostor koji ih okružuje, pa tako dospijevaju u okoliš te su stoga opasni za čovjeka. U radu su ukratko opisana svojstva i raspodjela ftalata u okolišu, toksični učinci na ljudsko zdravlje te zakonska regulativa vezana uz maksimalno dopuštene koncentracije ftalata u vodi za piće i u proizvodima namijenjenima dojenčadi, kao i dopušteni dnevni unos u ljudski organizam. Posebna pažnja posvećena je metodama određivanja ftalata u alkoholnim pićima te razinama ftalata s osvrtom na njihovu pojavnost i koncentracije u šljivovici koja se proizvodi u Hrvatskoj. Obuhvaćena je i tematika vezana za ftalate u denaturiranom alkoholu i neregistriranom alkoholu koji se ilegalno stavlja na tržište. U zaključku su navedene smjernice za učinkoviti nadzor nad putovima izloženosti ljudi ftalatima. 2013;64:317-325 Ftalati su spojevi sintetičkog podrijetla, a najčešće se koriste kao dodaci različitim plastičnim masama radi poboljšanja njihovih mehaničkih svojstava, posebice mekoće, savitljivosti i rastezljivosti. Kao aditivi za plastificiranje prisutni su u brojnim proizvodima opće uporabe, poput dječjih igračaka i kozmetike, autokozmetike, u različitim otapalima i insekticidima, ambalaži za hranu, medicinskim uređajima i priboru za transfuziju, dekorativnim proizvodima, podnim oblogama, proizvodima za uređenje kućanstva te u tehnološkim procesima prehrambene i sličnih industrija (1-4). U zemljama istočne Europe utvrđena je prisutnost dietil-ftalata (DEP) u neregistriranim (ilegalnim) alkoholnim pićima, koja uopće ne bi smjela biti dostupna za konzumaciju, već zabranjena zbog opasnosti za zdravlje ljudi. Međutim, takva pića mogu se pronaći na tržištu, a u njima se nalazi DEP korišten u svrhu denaturacije etanola (5). KLJUČNE RIJEČI: di-(2-etilheksil)-ftalat, maksimalno dopuštene koncentracije, plastifi katori, toksičnost ftalataJurica K. et al. PHTALATES IN ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Arh Hig Rada ToksikolZbog činjenice da nisu vezani kemijskom vezom za plastični materijal, ftalati se lako ispiru, brzo isparavaju u zrak i lako migriraju u hranu, pića i vodu za piće, i to najčešće iz ambalažnog materijala, no mogući su i drugi izvori kontaminacije proizvoda ftalatima, kao npr. dijelovima tehnološkog procesa proizvodnje (6-10). Esteri ftalne kiseline su kao industrijske kemikalije postali sveprisutni (ubikvitarni) zagađivači okoliša zbog svoje raširene uporabe (4).Prema podacima EPA-e, u SAD se svake godine proizvede ili uveze više od 213 000 tona ftalata (11). Prema podacima European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) i Comittee for Socio-economic Analysis

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Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in Humans during Pregnancy

Cited by 120 publications

References 13 publications

In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and duration of human pregnancy.

In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and duration of human pregnancy.

Small thymus at birth and neonatal outcome in very-low-birth-weight infants

Exposure to Phtalates and Their Presence in Alcoholic Beverages

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