Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs for the vendors of broiled food

Abstract

Three types of popular vendors, including meat and non-meat food (e.g, fishballs), vendor group (I), rice sausage sandwiches vendor group (II), and roasted corn on-the-cob vendor group (III), from the night markets of Taiwan were chosen for this research. The average concentrations of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (car-PAHs) were 2445 ng/m 3 for vendor (II), 2276 ng/m 3 for vendor (II), and 133 ng/m 3 for vendor (III). Vendors groups (I) and (II) had exposure levels of Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-equivalent doses (BaP eq ) approximately 16 and 13 times higher than those for vendor group (III). The daily exposure doses of BaP eq in working duration for vendor group (II) and (II) were 2.80 and 2.28 mg/day, respectively. The employees of five offices on campus were chosen as a control group. The daily exposure doses of BaP eq during working hours for vendor group (II) and (II) were about 22 times and 18 times, respectively, higher than those for control group. This exposure dose for vendors group (III) (0.18 mg/day) was comparable with the dose for control group (0.13 mg/day). The whole-day exposure doses of t-PAHs, car-PAHs, BaP, and BaP eq for vendor groups (I) and (II) were very close to those during daily working hours. However, the daily exposure doses of BaP eq during working hours for vendor group (III) occurred only in a proportion of 62% of the whole-day exposure doses.

Evaluation of Inhalation Exposure to Carcinogenic PM10-Bound PAHs of People at Night Markets of an Urban Area in a Metropolis in Eastern China

“…Furthermore, the concentrations of PAHs in the present study were significantly lower than those investigated in the barbecue night markets that used charcoal as fuel, where the concentration of 22 PAH congeners ranged from 1690 to 31000 ng m -3 . However, our results were comparable with the values of PM 10 -bound PAH concentrations found in the barbecue night markets that used electricity as fuel (Kuo et al, 2005) and with the values of PM 2.5 -bound PAH concentrations found in the barbecue night markets that used liquefied petroleum gas as fuel (Zhao et al, 2011). The concentrations of ΣPAH in the present study were also lower than those observed in suburban areas (Jamhari et al, 2014) and in high-density traffic areas (Chen et al, 2013).…”

“…The highest IEL value was investigated at Datong Square, and the lowest value of IEL was found at the northern gate of the western campus of the University of Science and Technology of China, where the highest and the lowest concentrations of ΣPAH were obtained, respectively. The daily inhalation dose in the present study is comparable to that for the population in the night market in Taiwan, which was significantly affected by grilling practices (Kuo et al, 2005). A previous study also showed temple workers in Taiwan with a comparable daily inhalation dose (0.076 µg kg day -1 at the 50 th percentile) (Chiang et al, 2009).…”

“…The mean concentration of PM 10 was 2-fold higher than that observed at a night market for barbecue (Kuo et al, 2005). Compared with other occupational circumstances, field traffic police personnel (Majumder et al, 2012) and poultry farming (LawniczekWalczyk et al, 2013) have a greater risk of exposure to PM 10 ; however, the employees of public transportation (Gerber et al, 2014), lignite-fired power plant (Manousakas et al, 2013), and Sports facilitie (Alves et al, 2013) had lower exposure to PM 10 .…”

“…However, the toxic equivalency factor-adjusted emission rates (BaP was treated as a reference compound) from cooking sources (675 kg year -1 ) were more than those from traffic origins (61.4 kg year -1 ) (Li et al, 2003). Therefore, PAHs from incomplete combustion of organic materials during thermal cooking pose inevitable stressors to both occupational and public health (Kuo et al, 2005;Shen et al, 2011).…”

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

“…In the same study, the determined t max were < 7minutes for one year olds, < 11 minutes for three year olds, < 29 for ages between 5 to 10, < 57 minutes for 15 year olds, < 1.34 hours for 20 year olds and < 5.60 hours for 50 year olds . Other studies have also reported exposure risks for toll booth workers in Taiwan Highways (Tsai et al, 2004a, b;Lai et al, 2012), exposure of Taiwanese temple goers and workers from incense burning (Chiang et al, 2009) and vendors of broiled food in Taiwanese night markets (Kuo et al, 2006) as well as black carbon workers (Tsai et al, 2001) and from wildland fire episodes (Pongpiachan, 2015).…”