Exposure-response functions in Air Force toxic risk modeling

Philipson, Lloyd L.; Hudson, James M.; See, Alex M.

doi:10.1016/0300-483x(96)03380-x

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…These calculations are affected by the degree of crowding out caused by the counteracting feedback effect induced by a prevalence elastic demand. 15 In the extreme, the case of perfect crowding out, there is zero benefit. Finally, a prevalence elastic demand has important implications for the timing of public health programs, since public subsidies for non-transmissive behavior compete with the private prevalence tax on transmissive behavior: if the public subsidy occurs too late, the private disincentive caused by the prevalence has already altered behavior.…”

Section: Philipson 629mentioning

confidence: 99%

Private Vaccination and Public Health: An Empirical Examination for U.S. Measles

Philipson¹

1996

The Journal of Human Resources

135

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. University of Wisconsin Press and The Board of Regents of the University of WisconsinSystem are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Human Resources. ABSTRACT This paper investigates the degree to which the occurrence of vaccinepreventable diseases affects vaccination efforts against such diseases. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey on measles vaccinations in the United States between 1984 and 1990, the paper showsthere is strong evidence that the prevalence of measles in the respondent's state of residence reduces the age in months at which the first measles vaccination occurs. The paper argues that the more prevention of infectious disease responds to prevalence in this manner, the less it responds to price, thereby lowering the role of Pigouvian price subsidies and other demand-stimulating public health measures aimed at solving the under-provision of vaccines and other preventive efforts with positive external effects.

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Section: Philipson 629mentioning

confidence: 99%

Private Vaccination and Public Health: An Empirical Examination for U.S. Measles

Philipson¹

1996

The Journal of Human Resources

135

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“…Successive layers render their graphics on top of the graphics of lower ones. In figure (6), multiple layers are overlayed. PlugIns are components that are used by the PlugInLayer to fetch data and prepare graphics for the map.…”

Section: Outputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

<title>Human health risk assessment simulations in a distributed environment for shuttle launch</title>

Thirumalainambi

Bardina

2004

SPIE Proceedings

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During the launch of a rocket under prevailing weather conditions, commanders at Cape Canaveral Air Force station evaluate the possibility of whether wind blown toxic emissions might reach civilian and military personnel in the near by area. In our model, we focused mainly on Hydrogen chloride ( H C L ) , Nitrogen oxides (NO,) and Nitric acid ( H N 0 3 ) , which are non-carcinogenic chemicals as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) classification. We have used the hazard quotient model to estimate the number of people at risk. It is based on the number of people with exposure above a reference exposure level that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects. The risk to the exposed population is calculated by multiplying the individual risk and the number in exposed population. The risk values are compared against the acceptable risk values and GO or NO-go situation is decided based on risk values for the Shuttle launch. The entire model is simulated over the web and different scenaria can be generated which allows management to choose an optimum decision.

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“…29,30 Prolonged exposure to HCl has been shown to produce chronic health conditions in the nervous system, blood, liver, kidney, and heart. 31 Additionally, the emissions of HCl into the atmosphere can also produce detrimental effects on the ecosystem through the production of acid rain. 32 Hence, HCl is classified as a level III hazardous airborne pollutant with a short-term exposure limit of 5 ppm.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imine-Linked 2D Conjugated Porous Organic Polymer Films for Tunable Acid Vapor Sensing

Gayle,

Roy,

Gupta

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Two-dimensional (2D) films of conjugated porous organic polymers (C-POPs) can translate the rich in-plane functionalities of conjugated frameworks into diverse optical and electronic applications while addressing the processability issues of their crystalline analogs for adaptable device architectures. However, the lack of facile single-step synthetic routes to obtain large-area high-quality films of 2D-C-POPs has limited their application possibilities so far. Here, we report the synthesis of four mechanically robust imine-linked 2D-C-POP free-standing films using a single-step fast condensation route that is scalable and tunable. The rigid covalently bonded 2D structures of the C-POP films offer high stability for volatile gas sensing in harsh environments while simultaneously enhancing site accessibility for gas molecules due to mesoporosity by structural design. Structurally, all films were composed of exfoliable layers of 2D polymeric nanosheets (NSs) that displayed anisotropy from disordered stacking, evinced by out-of-plane birefringent properties. The tunable in-plane conjugation, different nitrogen centers, and porous structures allow the films to act as ultraresponsive colorimetric sensors for acid sensing via reversible imine bond protonation. All the films could detect hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas down to 0.05 ppm, far exceeding the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's permissible exposure limit of 5 ppm with fast response time and good recyclability. Computational insights elucidated the effect of conjugation and tertiary nitrogen in the structures on the sensitivity and response time of the films. Furthermore, we exploited the exfoliated large 2D NSs and anisotropic optoelectronic properties of the films to adapt them into micro-optical and triboelectric devices to demonstrate their real-time sensing capabilities.

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Exposure-response functions in Air Force toxic risk modeling

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Private Vaccination and Public Health: An Empirical Examination for U.S. Measles

Private Vaccination and Public Health: An Empirical Examination for U.S. Measles

<title>Human health risk assessment simulations in a distributed environment for shuttle launch</title>

Imine-Linked 2D Conjugated Porous Organic Polymer Films for Tunable Acid Vapor Sensing

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