Exposure of the U.S. Population to Bisphenol A and 4- tertiary -Octylphenol: 2003–2004

Abstract

BackgroundBisphenol A (BPA) and 4-tertiary-octylphenol (tOP) are industrial chemicals used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins (BPA) and nonionic surfactants (tOP). These products are in widespread use in the United States.ObjectivesWe aimed to assess exposure to BPA and tOP in the U.S. general population.MethodsWe measured the total (free plus conjugated) urinary concentrations of BPA and tOP in 2,517 participants ≥ 6 years of age in the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution–high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsBPA and tOP were detected in 92.6% and 57.4% of the persons, respectively. Least square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of BPA were significantly lower in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic blacks (p = 0.006) and non-Hispanic whites (p = 0.007); LSGM concentrations for non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites were not statistically different (p = 0.21). Females had statistically higher BPA LSGM concentrations than males (p = 0.043). Children had higher concentrations than adolescents (p < 0.001), who in turn had higher concentrations than adults (p = 0.003). LSGM concentrations were lowest for participants in the high household income category (> $45,000/year).ConclusionsUrine concentrations of total BPA differed by race/ethnicity, age, sex, and household income. These first U.S. population representative concentration data for urinary BPA and tOP should help guide public health research priorities, including studies of exposure pathways, potential health effects, and risk assessment.

Sex-specific epigenetic disruption and behavioral changes following low-dose in utero bisphenol A exposure

“…1. Before mating, female mice were assigned to each treatment group (2,20, and 200 μg/kg BPA or vehicle; n = 24 per treatment), and mice that became pregnant (∼70%) were exposed daily (oral administration) to the assigned treatment throughout gestation [gestational days (GD) 0-19]. Multiple BPA treatments permitted assessment of dose-dependent effects at doses above and below the current reference dose for humans (50 μg/kg/d).…”

“…We hypothesized that BPA may disrupt epigenetic programming of gene expression in the brain. Here, we provide evidence that maternal exposure during pregnancy to environmentally relevant doses of BPA (2,20, and 200 μg/kg/d) in mice induces sex-specific, dose-dependent (linear and curvilinear), and brain region-specific changes in expression of genes encoding estrogen receptors (ERs; ERα and ERβ) and estrogen-related receptor-γ in juvenile offspring. Concomitantly, BPA altered mRNA levels of epigenetic regulators DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 and DNMT3A in the juvenile cortex and hypothalamus, paralleling changes in estrogen-related receptors.…”

“…More than 90% of the examined US population has detectable levels of BPA in urine (2), with exposure occurring through diet, inhalation, and dermal absorption (1). Although potentially toxic throughout life, early-life exposure to BPA is of highest health concern (3,4) as this compound may accumulate in fetal and infant tissues, disrupting normal developmental processes (1).…”

Scientific contestations over “toxic trespass”: health and regulatory implications of chemical biomonitoring

“…The CDC detected this persistent, endocrine-disrupting chemical in 75 % of the US population (Calafat et al 2008). Despite one company's decision, triclosan remains unregulated and in widespread use.…”

Interactive Effect of Bisphenol A (BPA) Exposure with -22G/C Polymorphism in LOX Gene on the Risk of Osteosarcoma

“…In such a case, gene and environment interaction is expected to be a possible explanation of the missing etiology that can not be explained by either established risk factors. BPA are environmental synthetic xenoestrogen involving in carcinogens can be widely detected in the urine samples of human population (Calafat et al, 2008). Although human population are widely exposure to environmental BPA and BPA exposure may plays an important role in osteosarcoma pathogenesis by disturbing estrogen metabolism pathways, few studies have focused on the potential effects of the genetic-BPA interactions following the initial findings of genetic polymorphism in osteosarcoma.…”