Exposure of four Filipino farmers to parathion-methyl while spraying string beans

Abstract

Filipino farmers resist wearing protective garments while spraying, preferring to wear long-sleeved cotton polyester shirts and short or long trousers. The exposure of farmers while wearing this attire and spraying was assessed to determine what degree of protection it afforded farmers under tropical conditions. Absorbent pads were placed on the outer and inner wear on various body parts. Applicators sprayed parathion-methyl on fruiting string beans at the recommended rate and residues were analyzed by gas chromatography.Each farmer had a characteristic spraying pattern which resulted in peculiar residue levels in some body parts. Inner exposure did not exceed the tolerable dermal exposure level during warm days while using proper spraying techniques. The use of long-sleeved cotton polyester shirt and thick polyester trousers provides, to a certain degree, protection for farmers during warm days. A change of clothing would be a more acceptable measure for farmers than wearing uncomfortable and impractical protective garments.The following spraying techniques reduced farmer exposure: fully outstretched arm, minimal body twisting and smooth hand movements. The use of thick polyester long trousers, gloves or a suitable substitute and the removal of weeds within the crop area also reduce farmer exposure to insecticides. Re-designing the bottle to include a plastic lip, in order to avoid spillage, is also recommended to reduce exposure during the critical mixing stage. Laundering the shirt immediately after use removes a significant amount of residues (96-97%) and contributes towards the protection of farm workers.These recommendations should provide useful data for incorporation in farmer-training programes on the proper use of pesticides.

Urinary and hand wipe pesticide levels among farmers and nonfarmers in Iowa

“…Several studies have investigated farmer pesticide exposure by measuring dermal exposure to pesticides (Hussain et al, 1990;Calumpang, 1996;de Cock et al, 1998;Stewart et al, 1999a and b;Krieger and Dinoff, 2000). Several studies have also employed biological monitoring of pesticide exposure among commercial and greenhouse pesticide applicators, pest control operators and agricultural workers (Sanderson et al, 1995;Denovan et al, 2000;Hines and Deddens, 2001;Tuomainen et al, 2002;Hines et al, 2003;Coronado et al, 2004).…”