Exposure levels, determinants and risk assessment of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in adolescents (14–15 years) from the Flemish Environment and Health Study

Bastiaensen, Michiel; Gys, Celine; Colles, Ann; Verheyen, Veerle J.; Koppen, Gudrun; Govarts, Eva; Bruckers, Liesbeth; Morrens, Bert; Loots, Ilse; Decker, Annelies De; Nelen, Vera; Nawrot, Tim S.; Henauw, Stefaan De; Larebeke, Nik van; Schoeters, Greet; Covaci, Adrian

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106368

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…We only discussed the EDI values estimated based on Fue-S9-fraction, because Fue values from S9 fraction experiment contains both phase I and phase II metabolism (Van den Eede et al, 2013). The median EDIs of TCIPP and TPHP in our study were much lower than those reported in 0-5-year old children from central China (TCIPP: 94.9 ng/kg bw/day; TPHP: 267 ng/kg bw/day) (Zhang et al, 2018a) and 14-15-year old adolescents from Belgium (TCIPP: 57.4 ng/kg bw/day; TPHP: 197.7 ng/kg bw/day)(Bastiaensen et al, 2021), but comparable to the levels in 6-14-year old children from South China (TCIPP: 22.6 ng/kg bw/day; TPHP: 33.1 ng/kg bw/day)(Chen et al, 2018). For TDCIPP, the median EDI was similar to that in several studies of general population(Bastiaensen et al, 2021;Chen et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018a;Zhang et al, 2018b).…”

contrasting

confidence: 73%

“…Urinary OPE metabolite concentrations re ect integrated exposure from different pathways and have been extensively recognized as biomarkers of exposure to OPEs. A growing body of studies have estimated the total daily intake of OPEs through the monitoring of urinary OPE metabolite concentrations in the general population (Zhang et al, 2018b), children (Bastiaensen et al, 2021;Chen et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018a), and pregnant women (Bai et al, 2019;Chen et al, 2019). Additionally, the contamination levels of OPEs in indoor dust have been used to estimate nondietary exposure, which was considered one of the most important exposure pathways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering increasing exposure to OPEs and their potential health risks, determining the factors that may impact OPE exposure in children and adolescents has been of growing concern. However, the related studies are very limited, especially in China (Bastiaensen et al, 2020;Bastiaensen et al, 2019;Bastiaensen et al, 2021;Phillips et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organophosphate esters in children and adolescents in Liuzhou city, China: concentrations, exposure assessment, and predictors

Liu

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Dermal contact with dust is commonly considered an important pathway of exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs), but the importance of OPE uptake from diet is unclear. Herein, we used hand wipes to estimate OPE exposure from indoor dust and examined whether urinary OPE metabolite concentrations were in uenced by sociodemographic characteristics, OPE amount in hand wipes, and dietary factors. OPEs were measured in urine and hand wipes from 6-18-year old children and adolescents (n=929) in Liuzhou, China. Sociodemographic and dietary factors were obtained from questionnaire. Six OPE metabolites were detected in >70% of the urine samples, and seven OPEs were detected in >50% of the hand wipes. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated using urinary OPE metabolites to investigate the total daily intake of OPEs, in which 0.36-10.1% of the total intake was attributed to the exposure from dermal absorption. In multivariate linear regression models, sex, age, and maternal education were signi cant predictors of urinary OPE metabolite concentrations. Urinary diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) is positively associated with its parent compounds 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in hand wipes.High versus low vegetable intake was associated with a 23.7% higher DPHP (95% con dence interval (CI): 0.51%, 52.1%).Barreled water drinking was associated with a 30.4% (95% CI: 11.8%, 52.0%) increase in bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP) compared to tap water drinking. Our results suggested the widespread exposure to OPEs in children and adolescents. In additional to dermal absorption, dietary intake may be an important exposure source of certain OPEs.

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contrasting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organophosphate esters in children and adolescents in Liuzhou city, China: concentrations, exposure assessment, and predictors

Liu

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Since EHDPHP has a hexyl side chain attached to the phosphate group, there are several potential monohydroxylated products. In a couple of studies, 5-OH-EHDPHP was suspected to be the main hydroxylated product, and it was used as a biomarker of EHDPHP exposure. ,,, However, there is sparse solid evidence to verify this, and the formation potential of each isomer remains unclear. Thus, the in vivo biotransformation pathway and mechanism of EHDPHP are still vague.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Insight into the Formation of In Vivo Transformation Products of 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate in Zebrafish and Prediction of Their Potential Toxicities

Yang

Chen

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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As a frequently detected organophosphorus flame retardant in the environment, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP) is vulnerable to biotransformation, while the transformation mechanisms and potential toxicities of its transformation products remain unclear. In the present study, in vivo transformation products of EHDPHP in exposed zebrafish for 21d were analyzed by suspect screening and identified by mass spectrometry. Fifteen metabolites were identified, including 10 phase I and 5 phase II products with monohydroxylated products being primary, among which 5-OH-EHDPHP was the most predominant. Two sulfation products and one terminal desaturation metabolite of EHDPHP were reported for the first time. A density functional calculation coupled with molecular docking disclosed that the specific conformation of EHDPHP docked in the protein pockets favored the primary formation of 5-OH-EHDPHP, which was fortified to be a more suitable biomarker of EHDPHP exposure. The in vitro tests suggested that EHDPHP transformation took place not only in liver but also in intestine, where gut microbes played an important role. Due to lack of standards, in silico toxicity prediction combined with molecular docking indicated that several metabolites potentially cause higher toxicities than EHDPHP. The results provide deep insight into the potential health risks due to specific in vivo transformation of EHDPHP.

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“…No clearly preferred type of HRA results was identified that would reflect a consistent understanding of the main RA concepts and would acknowledge probability and severity as key determinants of risk [ 1 ]. Threshold-based types of HRA results (i.e., comparisons with guidance values) are promoted by authorities and regulatory bodies [ 61 , 62 ], and are often reported as the only measure of risks [ 63 , 64 ], even though they are actually arbitrary measures of concern [ 65 ]. Furthermore, guidance values are not only science-based but are defined in an administrative process that determines acceptable risk and considers scientific uncertainty, risk management options, economic benefits and costs, relevant laws, and social norms [ 62 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Opportunities to Improve the Impact of Health Risk Assessment on Environmental and Public Health Decisions

Bizjak

Kontić

2022

IJERPH

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Following alerts about the diminishing role of health risk assessment (HRA) in informing public health decisions, this study examines specific HRA topics with the aim of identifying possible solutions for addressing this compelling situation. The study administered a survey among different groups of stakeholders involved in HRA or decision-making, or both. The responses show various understandings of HRA in the decision-making context—including confusion with the health impact assessment (HIA)—and confirm recurring foundational issues within the risk analysis field that contribute to the growth of inconsistency in the HRA praxis. This inconsistency lowers the effectiveness of HRA to perform its primary purpose of informing public health decisions. Opportunities for improving this situation come at the beginning of the assessment process, where greater attention should be given to defining the assessment and decision-making contexts. Both must reflect the concerns and expectations of the stakeholders regarding the needs and purpose of an HRA on one side, and the methodological and procedural topics relevant for the decision case at hand on the other. The HRA process should end with a decision follow-up step with targeted auditing and the participation of stakeholders to measure its success.

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Exposure levels, determinants and risk assessment of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in adolescents (14–15 years) from the Flemish Environment and Health Study

Cited by 33 publications

References 58 publications

Organophosphate esters in children and adolescents in Liuzhou city, China: concentrations, exposure assessment, and predictors

Organophosphate esters in children and adolescents in Liuzhou city, China: concentrations, exposure assessment, and predictors

First Insight into the Formation of In Vivo Transformation Products of 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate in Zebrafish and Prediction of Their Potential Toxicities

Practical Opportunities to Improve the Impact of Health Risk Assessment on Environmental and Public Health Decisions

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