Exposure Assessment of TSEs from the Landspreading of Meat and Bone Meal

Cummins, Enda; Adkin, Amie

doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00953.x

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…The assumption was made that any grazing cattle and sheep will have access to pasture all year round and that the full soil depth of fertilizer, that is, to a maximum of 25 cm. This was considered a worst‐case precaution as it is acknowledged to be unrealistic but has been used inherently in previous risk assessments …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Quantitative Assessment of the Prion Risk Associated with Wastewater from Carcass‐Handling Facilities

2012

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Wastewater from facilities processing livestock that may harbor transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) infectivity is permitted under license for application to land where susceptible livestock may have access. Several previous risk assessments have investigated the risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) associated with wastewater effluents; however, the risk of exposure to classical scrapie and atypical scrapie has not been assessed. With the prevalence of certain TSEs (BSE in cattle and classical scrapie in sheep) steadily in decline, and with considerable changes in the structure of carcass-processing industries in Great Britain, a reappraisal of the TSE risk posed by wastewater is required. Our results indicate that the predicted number of new TSE infections arising from the spreading of wastewater on pasture over one year would be low, with a mean of one infection every 1,000 years for BSE in cattle (769, 555,556), and one infection every 30 years (16, 2,500), and 33 years (16, 3,333) for classical and atypical scrapie, respectively. It is assumed that the values and assumptions used in this risk assessment remain constant. For BSE in cattle the main contributors are abattoir and rendering effluent, contributing 35% and 22% of the total number of new BSE infections. For TSEs in sheep, effluent from small incinerators and rendering plants are the major contributors (on average 32% and 31% of the total number of new classical scrapie and atypical scrapie infections). This is a reflection of the volume of carcass material and Category 1 material flow through such facilities.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Quantitative Assessment of the Prion Risk Associated with Wastewater from Carcass‐Handling Facilities

2012

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“…As the mad cow epidemic has subsided, recent changes in European legislation now potentially open the door to using these mMBM by-products for spreading on nonpasture agricultural land. While no actual field studies have been conducted, Cummins and Adkin [61] show by mathematical models that the probabilistic risk of spreading scrapie or BSE disease by the accidental contamination of mMBM by-products with offal from diseased animals is low, if these materials were to be utilized by spreading on land.…”

Section: Stability Of Infectious Prions In Soilmentioning

confidence: 97%

Prion Stability and Infectivity in the Environment

Wiggins

2008

Neurochem Res

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The biology of normal prion protein and the property of infectivity observed in abnormal folding conformations remain thinly characterized. However, enough is known to understand that prion proteins stretch traditional views of proteins in biological systems. Numerous investigators are resolving details of the novel mechanism of infectivity, which appears to feature a protein-only, homologous replication of misfolded isoforms. Many other features of prion biology are equally extraordinary. This review focuses on the status of infectious prions in various natural and man-made environments. The picture that emerges is that prion proteins are durable under extreme conditions of environmental exposure that are uncommon in biological phenomena, and this durability offers the potential for environmental reservoirs of persistent infectivity lasting for years. A recurrent theme in prion research is a propensity for these proteins to bind to mineral and metal surfaces, and several investigators have provided evidence that the normal cellular functions of prion protein may include metalloprotein interactions. This structural propensity for binding to mineral and metal ions offers the hypothesis that prion polypeptides are intrinsically predisposed to non-physiological folding conformations that would account for their environmental durability and persistent infectivity. Similarly, the avidity of binding and potency of prion infectivity from environmental sources also offers a recent hypothesis that prion polypeptides bound to soil minerals are actually more infectious than studies with purified polypeptides would predict. Since certain of the prion diseases have a history of epidemics in economically important animal species and have the potential to transmit to humans, urgency is attached to understanding the environmental transmission of prion diseases and the development of protocols for their containment and inactivation.

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“…A large number of studies have investigated the release of BSE infectivity or markers of infectivity during abattoir processing, to the food chain and Category 3 material (summarized in Refs. and ) and to the floor with a key project undertaken by the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA). AFSSA conducted an experiment to determine the amount of CNS going to the floor using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) detection, as it is specifically expressed in the CNS.…”

Section: Materials Flow At Abattoir N_carcaseat and N_flooraabtmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing

2012

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Exposure Assessment of TSEs from the Landspreading of Meat and Bone Meal

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

A Quantitative Assessment of the Prion Risk Associated with Wastewater from Carcass‐Handling Facilities

A Quantitative Assessment of the Prion Risk Associated with Wastewater from Carcass‐Handling Facilities

Prion Stability and Infectivity in the Environment

A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing

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