Exposure and Peritraumatic Response as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress in Children Following the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing

Pfefferbaum, Betty; Doughty, Debby E.; Reddy, Chandrashekar; Patel, Nilam; Gurwitch, Robin H.; Nixon, Sara Jo; Tivis, Rick

doi:10.1093/jurban/79.3.354

Cited by 76 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…2,7,8 Direct witnessing of a traumatic event, victimization of the child or those close to the child, and the perception, correct or not, that one's life was in danger are known risk factors for adverse psychosocial symptoms after trauma. 8,27 Children remote from catastrophic events by both location and experience are not immune to the acute and chronic psychopathologies related to disaster. Several studies have implicated indirect television exposure to disaster as a risk factor for children's reactivity.…”

Section: Other Risk Factors For Adverse Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have implicated indirect television exposure to disaster as a risk factor for children's reactivity. 8,17,[27][28][29] The amount of information that a child will find valuable in understanding a disaster largely depends on a child's developmental stage. 8 Parents and caregivers should be aware that gruesome and disturbing details are likely unnecessary in facilitating a child's comprehension of a tragedy.…”

Section: Other Risk Factors For Adverse Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the subjective response of a child to disaster has been demonstrated to have a high predictive value for symptoms of PTSD. 27 …”

Section: Other Risk Factors For Adverse Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychosocial Implications of Disaster or Terrorism on Children: A Guide for the Pediatrician

Hagan¹

2005

Pediatrics

106

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ABSTRACT. During and after disasters, pediatricians can assist parents and community leaders not only by accommodating the unique needs of children but also by being cognizant of the psychological responses of children to reduce the possibility of long-term psychological morbidity. The effects of disaster on children are mediated by many factors including personal experience, parental reaction, developmental competency, gender, and the stage of disaster response. Pediatricians can be effective advocates for the child and family and at the community level and can affect national policy in support of families. In this report, specific children's responses are delineated, risk factors for adverse reactions are discussed, and advice is given for pediatricians to ameliorate the effects of disaster on children. Pediatrics 2005; 116:787-795; terrorism, disaster preparedness, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety.

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Section: Other Risk Factors For Adverse Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Risk Factors For Adverse Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychosocial Implications of Disaster or Terrorism on Children: A Guide for the Pediatrician

Hagan¹

2005

Pediatrics

106

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“…Additionally, several studies have suggested that television viewing following disasters and terrorist attacks is related to increased posttraumatic stress (PTS) reactions in both children and adults in the general Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Siri Thoresen, Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Postbox 181 Nydalen, 0409 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: siri.thoresen@nkvts.unirand.no population (Pfefferbaum, Doughty, & Reddy, 2002;Schlenger et al, 2002) and in directly affected groups (Ahern et al, 2002;Neria, DiGrande, & Adams, 2011). Journalistic analyses have revealed that media portrayals of events can vary from compassionate to hostile (Jemphrey & Berrington, 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Media Participation and Mental Health in Terrorist Attack Survivors

Thoresen

Jensen

Dyb

2014

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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Terrorism and disasters receive massive media attention, and victims are often approached by reporters. Not much is known about how terror and disaster victims perceive the contact with media and whether such experiences influence mental health. In this study, we describe how positive and negative experiences with media relate to posttraumatic stress (PTS) reactions among survivors of the 2011 Utøya Island terrorist attack in Norway. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 285 survivors (47.0% female and 53.0% male) 14-15 months after the terrorist attack. Most survivors were approached by reporters (94%), and participated in media interviews (88%). The majority of survivors evaluated their media contact and participation as positive, and media participation was unrelated to PTS reactions. Survivors who found media participation distressing had more PTS reactions (quite distressing: B = 0.440, extremely distressing: B = 0.611, p = .004 in adjusted model). Perceiving media participation as distressing was slightly associated with lower levels of social support (r = -.16, p = .013), and regretting media participation was slightly associated with feeling let down (r = .18, p = .004). Reporters should take care when interviewing victims, and clinicians should be aware of media exposure as a potential additional strain on victims.

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“…Children and adolescents, like adults, were exposed through physical proximity, interpersonal relationships to victims, and media coverage of the disaster. Interested in studying the reactions of adolescents, we examined exposure and other factors thought to influence outcome, including peri-event subjective reaction and appraisal of danger (Asarnow et al, 1999;Pfefferbaum et al, 2002; …”

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confidence: 99%

Panic reactions to terrorist attacks and probable posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents

et al. 2006

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A number of factors, including subjective reactions and appraisal of danger, influence one's reaction to a traumatic event. This study used telephone survey methodology to examine adolescent and parent reactions to the 2001 World Trade Center attacks 6 to 9 months after they occurred. The prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents was 12.6%; 26.2% met study criteria for probable subthreshold PTSD. A probable peri-event panic attack in adolescents was strongly associated with subsequent probable PTSD and probable subthreshold PTSD. This study suggests that the early identification of peri-event panic attacks following mass traumatic events may provide an important gateway to intervention in the subsequent development of PTSD. Future studies should use longitudinal designs to examine the course and pathogenic pathways for the development of panic, PTSD, and other anxiety disorders after exposure to disasters.

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Exposure and Peritraumatic Response as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress in Children Following the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing

Cited by 76 publications

References 42 publications

Psychosocial Implications of Disaster or Terrorism on Children: A Guide for the Pediatrician

Psychosocial Implications of Disaster or Terrorism on Children: A Guide for the Pediatrician

Media Participation and Mental Health in Terrorist Attack Survivors

Panic reactions to terrorist attacks and probable posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents

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