Exponent of the Broca–Sulzer flash duration as a function of retinal eccentricity

Osaka, Naoyuki

doi:10.1364/josa.72.000062

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The remaining, Type C, observers (14% of the sample) give no evidence of TBE for either asynchrony condition. These individual differences are reliably observed and have been noted in other studies of TBE (Osaka, 1982).…”

supporting

confidence: 84%

Temporal brightness enhancement: Studies of individual differences

Bowen

1984

Perception & Psychophysics

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We have previously identified categorical individual differences in the occurrence of temporal brightness enhancement (TBE)by using a simultaneous brightness discrimination paradigm (Bowen & Markell, 1980). TBE is a nonmonotonic relation between brightness and pulse duration, pulses of intermediate duration (75-125 msec) can appear brighter than longer or shorter pulses of the same luminance. Three classes of observers can be defined based on whether they perceive TBE under one oftwo conditions of temporal asynchrony between a short test pulse and a longer (500 msec)comparison pulse: simultaneous onset of the pulses or simultaneous offset. Type A observers show TBE for both asynchrony conditions; Type B observers show the effect for simultaneous offset but not simultaneous onset; Type C observers do not show TBE for either asynchrony. In the present study, we show that Type A and Type C observers maintain a constant brightnessduration relation as the asynchrony between test and comparison pulses is varied from simultaneous onset to simultaneous offset. Type B observers show a gradual shift in the brightnessduration relation as asynchrony changes. In a separate experiment, we find that practice has little effect on Type A and Type B observers but that Type C observers may change in classification to Types A and B over as few as five experimental sessions. The hypothesis that individual differences are due to differential "weighting" of chromatic (sustained) and achromatic (transient) visual channels is discussed.

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supporting

confidence: 84%

Temporal brightness enhancement: Studies of individual differences

Bowen

1984

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…The same values were used in modeling the descending backward-masking curves of Experiment 1 in Fig. 8 Method The Broca-Sulzer effect is most pronounced for a parafoveal target (Corwin, 1978;Osaka, 1982). Likewise, backward masking is stronger in the parafovea than in the fovea (Breitmeyer & Öğmen, 2006, p. 199).…”

Section: Experiments 2: Foveal and Parafoveal Sensitivity (D′)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonmonotone backward masking functions and brightness reversals

Stewart

Purcell

Pinkham

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Increasing the target-field luminance aids detection for a simultaneously presented black target disc and a black masking annulus. At an intermediate interval separating the onset of the target from the mask, increasing the target-field luminance reduces target detection. This decrease in performance occurs with both temporal and spatial forced choice tasks. With a spatial forced choice, an observer's performance can fall below chance. We associate below-chance performance with a brightness reversal of the black target disc, such that the target disc appears brighter than its surround. The occurrence of brightness reversals follows from our model of the Broca-Sulzer effect, and nonmonotone masking functions result from a generalization of luminance summation.Keywords Visual backward masking . U-shaped functions . Broca-Sulzer effect . Brightness reversal . Metacontrast maskingThe detection of a briefly flashed target, such as a black disc, is sometimes suppressed by the onset of a second stimulus, the masking stimulus. When the target is followed by a surrounding figure, such as a black annulus, the interplay of target and mask is called backward masking. Under conditions of backward masking, both target detection and letter identification can decrease as the delay between the onset of the stimulus and the onset of the mask increases. The resulting nonmonotone performance curves are addressed by most accounts of visual masking . Under some conditions, however, target detection is worse than chance. No current explanation of masking accounts for below-chance performance.Our account of below-chance performance rests on three propositions: (i) A spatial two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task can produce nonmonotone performance curves. For pronounced nonmonotone curves, detection can be worse than chance. (ii) These nonmonotone backward-masking curves represent a change in an observer's sensitivity for certain delays between target and mask onset, even for targets that fall on the fovea. A dark target, followed by an appropriate masking stimulus, sometimes appears to be brighter than its background, a phenomenon we have called a brightness reversal . Pronounced brightness reversals occur with black-on-white figures and can lead to below-chance target detection. (iii) Our conjecture is that brightness reversals result from the same combination of excitation, inhibition, and luminance summation that produces the Broca-Sulzer effect (Berman & Stewart, 1978a, 1978b, 1979Marks, 1974). These brightness reversals result in below-chance performance with a spatial 2AFC.

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“…Spot luminance meter (Minolta, 1°digital) continuously measures the light output in order to maintain the amount of light at a constant luminance level that is predetermined and stored in the PC program (Osaka, 1982). The PC reads the analog-to-digital converted luminance value from the Gpm-driven digital multimeter (DMM; Takeda Riken Corporation, TR6841) connected to the luminance meter and compares it with a predetermined level.…”

Section: Gpm-based Subsystemmentioning

confidence: 99%