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Heuer, D.; Chabane, A.; Brandan, M.E.; Charvet, M.; Cole, A.J.; Désesquelles, P.; Giorni, A.; Lléres, A.; Menchaca‐Rocha, A.; Viano, J.B.; Benchekroun, D.; Cheynis, B.; Demeyer, A.; Gerlic, E.; Guinet, D.; Stern, M.; Vagneron, L.

doi:10.1103/physrevc.50.1943

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Heuer et al (191) have derived a radial flow energy E N f = 3.5A MeV for the system 32 S+ 27 Al at 37.5A MeV. The value found for the flow energy would correspond to 38% of the c.m.…”

Section: The Datamentioning

confidence: 96%

Collective Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions

Reisdorf¹,

Ritter

1997

Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.

333

307

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We provide an overview of collective flow phenomena observed in heavy ion collisions from the Fermi energy range up to CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) energies. We summarize the experimental data in terms of the various observed aspects of flow, namely directed flow in the reaction plane, elliptic flow in-and out-of-plane, and azimuthally symmetric radial flow originating from the expansion of the hot and compressed reaction zone. Also reviewed are the theoretical concepts developed to simulate the complex reactions with the aim of extracting fundamental properties of hot and compressed nuclear matter.

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“…Heuer et al (191) have derived a radial flow energy E N f = 3.5A MeV for the system 32 S+ 27 Al at 37.5A MeV. The value found for the flow energy would correspond to 38% of the c.m.…”

Section: The Datamentioning

confidence: 96%

Collective Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions

Reisdorf¹,

Ritter

1997

Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.

333

307

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“…By analogy with the timedependent irreversible aggregation model, we infer that Zmax distributions are characteristic of the multifragmentation time-scale, which is largely determined by the onset of radial expansion in this energy range. Introduction In central heavy-ion collisions at beam energies of ∼20-150 MeV/A multiple production of nuclear fragments can be observed, compatible with the quasi-simultaneous break-up of finite pieces of excited nuclear matter [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. This so-called "nuclear multifragmentation" is a fascinating process [8] which has long been associated with a predicted liquid-gas coexistence region in the nuclear matter phase diagram at sub-critical temperatures and sub-saturation densities [9][10][11].…”

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confidence: 99%

Nuclear Multifragmentation Time Scale and Fluctuations of the Largest Fragment Size

et al. 2013

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Distributions of the largest fragment charge, Zmax, in multifragmentation reactions around the Fermi energy can be decomposed into a sum of a Gaussian and a Gumbel distribution, whereas at much higher or lower energies one or the other distribution is asymptotically dominant. We demonstrate the same generic behavior for the largest cluster size in critical aggregation models for small systems, in or out of equilibrium, around the critical point. By analogy with the timedependent irreversible aggregation model, we infer that Zmax distributions are characteristic of the multifragmentation time-scale, which is largely determined by the onset of radial expansion in this energy range. Introduction In central heavy-ion collisions at beam energies of ∼20-150 MeV/A multiple production of nuclear fragments can be observed, compatible with the quasi-simultaneous break-up of finite pieces of excited nuclear matter [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. This so-called "nuclear multifragmentation" is a fascinating process [8] which has long been associated with a predicted liquid-gas coexistence region in the nuclear matter phase diagram at sub-critical temperatures and sub-saturation densities [9][10][11]. Statistical [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and dynamical [20][21][22][23][24] aspects have been widely studied, and evidences supporting equally well either a continuous phase transition of the liquid-gas universality class [13,14,[25][26][27][28][29][30], a discontinuous ("first-order") transition occurring within the coexistence region [29][30][31][32][33][34][35], or indeed the survival of initial-state correlations in a purely dynamical picture [36,37] have been presented. This state of affairs well demonstrates the difficulty of quantitatively identifying a phase transition in small systems such as atomic nuclei, where finite-size effects blur the nature of the transition [38][39][40] whose order may indeed change with the size of the system [29,30], along with the importance of long-range Coulomb forces [4,19,41,42], and presence of dynamical effects such as radial flow [43][44][45][46][47][48][49].In this context we have tried to establish generic features of multifragmentation in order to deduce its nature in a less model-dependent way. In our previous works [50], we used the model-independent universal fluctua-

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“…From the fragment kinetic energies, we expect to gain information about the magnitude of the collective radial flow resulting from the expansion phase. Indeed, recent results show evidence for a collective energy of a few MeV͞nucleon at bombarding energies lower than 100 MeV͞nucleon [6][7][8][9][10][11], and reaching even higher values (.10 MeV͞nucleon) at higher bombarding energies [11][12][13][14][15].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A radial flow of 3.5 MeV͞nucleon was deduced from the analysis of the S 1 Al reaction [10]. No effect was seen in the closely related Ca 1 Ca system [28].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Very Hot Nuclei Formed in64Zn+natTiCollisions at Intermediate Energies

Steckmeyer¹,

Kerambrun²,

Angélique³

et al. 1996

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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Formation and decay of hot nuclei have been studied in 64 Zn 1 nat Ti collisions between 35 and 79 MeV͞nucleon. The mass and excitation energy of excited quasiprojectiles are reconstructed from the kinematical characteristics of their decay products. In central collisions, excitation energies larger than 10 MeV͞nucleon are reached. Comparisons with theoretical predictions indicate that a fraction of the excitation energy is associated with an isotropic radial flow. [S0031-9007(96)00539-X] PACS numbers: 25.70.Lm, 21.65.+f, 25.70.Mn, 25.70.Pq One of the presently most debated questions in heavyion physics at intermediate energies focuses on the properties of hot nuclear matter and, in particular, on the so-called multifragmentation process as well as on the search for a liquid-gas phase transition. A very often invoked scenario is the occurrence of a compressionexpansion phase at the beginning of the interaction between projectile and target. In the course of such a process, after an initial compression, the hot nuclear matter expands towards low density regions where it can break up into fragments [1][2][3][4]. An alternative to this scenario is the occurrence of an expansion just arising from the pressure induced by the thermal energy [5]. From the fragment kinetic energies, we expect to gain information about the magnitude of the collective radial flow resulting from the expansion phase. Indeed, recent results show evidence for a collective energy of a few MeV͞nucleon at bombarding energies lower than 100 MeV͞nucleon [6-11], and reaching even higher values (.10 MeV͞nucleon) at higher bombarding energies [11][12][13][14][15].This Letter reports on the properties of hot nuclei formed in the 64 Zn 1 nat Ti reaction, which was investigated at GANIL at several bombarding energies between 35 and 79 MeV͞nucleon [16]. Light charged particles (LCP's: Z 1 and 2) and intermediate mass fragments (IMF's: Z $ 3) were detected in two plastic multidetectors covering a total solid angle of 84% of 4p, between 3 ± and 150 ± [17,18]. Detection of LCP's and IMF's was achieved for energies above 2.5 MeV͞nucleon. Identification of IMF's was possible only above 15-20 MeV͞nucleon. Heavier fragments were detected and identified in an additional set of seven DE-E telescopes between 3 ± and 30 ± .The events were sorted according to the violence of the collision measured by the total transverse momentum, taken as the sum of the moduli of transverse momenta of all particles detected in an event. It was assumed that the transverse momentum is maximum for head-on collisions and is a decreasing function of the impact parameter. The experimental impact parameter b exp has been derived from the measured differential cross section [16]. Results of simulations exhibit a linear relationship between b exp and the true impact parameter with a standard deviation of 1-1.5 fm [19].The correlation between the total multiplicity of charged products detected in an event and the corresponding total parallel momentum displays two distinct regions [16]. Low...

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Explosive multifragmentation in theS32+27

Cited by 21 publications

References 29 publications

Collective Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions

Collective Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions

Nuclear Multifragmentation Time Scale and Fluctuations of the Largest Fragment Size

Properties of Very Hot Nuclei Formed in64Zn+natTiCollisions at Intermediate Energies

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