“…The reason is that informal risk-sharing arrangements are based on voluntary participation, which limits the extent of mutual insurance. A better understanding of vulnerability, risk 3 Information on "the dark side of social capital" or "wicked social capital" can be found inter alia in Dufhues and others (2006) or Wong (2007). management and social networks is needed to design appropriate policy interventions (Dercon, 2002).…”
Section: Social Capital Social Network and Risk Managementmentioning
The utilization of informal social networks is an important risk management strategy of vulnerable households in SouthEast Asia. To gain insight on this issue, a social network analysis (SNA) was implemented to assess risk management networks of ethnic minority farm households in the northern uplands of Viet Nam. The results from the analysis suggest that kinship relations and the level of wealth play an essential role in enabling basic network services to function. This paper also points out that effective networks require investments to fulfil the requested mutual obligations and that subsequently, social networks among poor farmers are relatively limited. The findings of the analysis show, not surprisingly, that networks cannot completely buffer severe shocks. Consequently, policy measures to reduce the costs of investing in social capital of poor farmers as well as improved access to appropriate social security systems are essential. These findings are applicable to other upland areas of SouthEast Asia.
“…The reason is that informal risk-sharing arrangements are based on voluntary participation, which limits the extent of mutual insurance. A better understanding of vulnerability, risk 3 Information on "the dark side of social capital" or "wicked social capital" can be found inter alia in Dufhues and others (2006) or Wong (2007). management and social networks is needed to design appropriate policy interventions (Dercon, 2002).…”
Section: Social Capital Social Network and Risk Managementmentioning
The utilization of informal social networks is an important risk management strategy of vulnerable households in SouthEast Asia. To gain insight on this issue, a social network analysis (SNA) was implemented to assess risk management networks of ethnic minority farm households in the northern uplands of Viet Nam. The results from the analysis suggest that kinship relations and the level of wealth play an essential role in enabling basic network services to function. This paper also points out that effective networks require investments to fulfil the requested mutual obligations and that subsequently, social networks among poor farmers are relatively limited. The findings of the analysis show, not surprisingly, that networks cannot completely buffer severe shocks. Consequently, policy measures to reduce the costs of investing in social capital of poor farmers as well as improved access to appropriate social security systems are essential. These findings are applicable to other upland areas of SouthEast Asia.
“…Using qualitative studies, Wong (2007) underscores the everyday co-operation between individuals in social networks, called unseen social capital, in the community participation of new immigrants in Hong Kong. In a descriptive study, it was found that 41% of new immigrants in Hong Kong searched for job through their family members while only about 3% did it through government's agency (Chan & Leung, 1999).…”
“…Some migrants became low‐wage, paid care workers, in which case they might seek help from kin across the border. Rather than understanding the reliance of immigrants on informal kin networks as their conforming to self‐sufficiency or a strong Chinese family culture (Wong, ), I see the trend as produced by educational discourses and insufficient public investment in childcare as demanded by some advocacy groups for years. Meanwhile, a critical question is raised by a social worker: Can't child care–caring for one's own child–be considered a decent job?…”
Tracing the continuously changing dynamics between China and its quasi-independent capitalist 'special territory', Hong Kong, this paper brings together the under-recognised cross-border caregivers and over-recognised care consumers in the wake of multiple care crises, articulating how internal and international migration clashes in the borderlands crossed by various kinds of travelling mothers from the Mainland. With a focus on care as social practices and relations, it observes how the boundary between internal and international migrations shifts and multiplies as care is alienated, displaced, and commodified. To understand the mobility and multiplicity of borders, it adopts an integrated framework that links internal and international migration studies, and more importantly, attends to care. A transnational perspective on the dynamics of mobile, unpaid care labour, as they play out within the boundaries of the same, recently 're-integrated' country, further suggests that attention must be paid to the conceptual terrains and lived experiences of those who live and move in-between internal and international migration regimes, especially the invisible caregivers who frequently travel across borders.
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