Exploring the Role of 2D-Graphdiyne as a Charge Carrier Layer in Field-Effect Transistors for Non-Covalent Biological Immobilization against Human Diseases

Abstract

Graphdiyne's (GDY's) outstanding features have made it a novel 2D nanomaterial and a great candidate for electronic gadgets and optoelectronic devices, and it has opened new opportunities for the development of highly sensitive electronic and optical detection methods as well. Here, we testified a non-covalent grafting strategy in which GDY serves as a charge carrier layer and a bioaffinity substrate to immobilize biological receptors on GDY-based field-effect transistor (FET) devices. Firm non-covalent anchoring of biological molecules via pyrene groups and electrostatic interactions in addition to preserved electrical properties of GDY endows it with features of an ultrasensitive and stable detection mechanism. With emerging new forms and extending the subtypes of the already existing fatal diseases, genetic and biological knowledge demands more details. In this regard, we constructed simple yet efficient platforms using GDY-based FET devices in order to detect different kinds of biological molecules that threaten human health. The resulted data showed that the proposed non-covalent bioaffinity assays in GDY-based FET devices could be considered reliable strategies for novel label-free biosensing platforms, which still reach a high on/off ratio of over 10 4 . The limits of detection of the FET devices to detect DNA strands, the CA19-9 antigen, microRNA-155, the CA15-3 antigen, and the COVID-19 antigen were 0.2 aM, 0.04 pU mL −1 , 0.11 aM, 0.043 pU mL −1 , and 0.003 fg mL −1 , respectively, in the linear ranges of 1 aM to 1 pM, 1 pU mL −1 to 0.1 μU mL −1 , 1 aM to 1 pM, 1 pU mL −1 to 10 μU mL −1 , and 1 fg mL −1 to 10 ng mL −1 , respectively. Finally, the extraordinary performance of these label-free FET biosensors with low detection limits, high sensitivity and selectivity, capable of being miniaturized, and implantability for in vivo analysis makes them a great candidate in disease diagnostics and pointof-care testing.

Recent advances in the functionalization, substitutional doping and applications of graphene/graphene composite nanomaterials

“…However, recent significant applications of graphene, its derivatives and graphene-based nanocomposites are reported in detail in Table 3. 189–220…”

Dual-Channel Detection of Breast Cancer Biomarkers CA15-3 and CEA in Human Serum Using Dialysis-Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistor

“…35,36 Currently, there are many types of sensors for detecting CA15-3 and CEA, and each one has its own superiorities. In order to more intuitively compare the detection performance of CA15-3 and CEA sensors based on different methods, the relevant data from published literatures and the results of this study are summarized in Table 1 [37][38][39][40] and Table 2. 38,[41][42][43][44] Although the linear range and low detection limit for CA153 and CEA detection were not as good as fluorescence…”

Current Advances in the Synthesis, Properties, and Biomedical Applications of Two-Dimensional Graphdiyne: A Review

“…GDY is a new type of 2D nanomaterial with excellent properties, which makes it a promising material for electrical and photoelectric devices and a new way to develop extremely sensitive electronic and optical detection technology. Ghafary et al 171 proposed a noncovalent grafting strategy in which bioreceptors are immobilized on GDY-based FET devices using GDY as a carrier layer and a biophilic substrate. Through firm noncovalent anchoring, electrostatic interactions between the pyrene moiety and biomolecules, and preservation of the electrical characteristics of GDY, ultrasensitive and durable detection technology has been realized.…”

“…(h–l) Linear relationship between various DNA strand concentrations and the drain current (including DNA strands, CA19-9 antigen, microRNA-155, CA15-3 antigen, and COVID-19 antigen). Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society.…”