Exploring the Relationship Between Corruption and Health Care Services, Education Services and Standard of Living

Corruption and Population Health in the European Union Countries—An Institutionalist Perspective

“…Problems are more prominent in countries with harmed economic and political institutions, such as former communist countries, than in Western nations [3,38]. In the literature, corruption is measured by several variables, such as CPI (in most cases), control of corruption as a component of the Worldwide Governance Indicators, the PRS Group's Corruption Index, and the ICRG's corruption level, and there is a unanimous perspective concerning the negative impact of corruption on health [8,[39][40][41].…”

“…The CPI has become the leading global index of public sector corruption [4] and is used systematically in studies that look at the impact of corrup- Obviously, the negative effects of corruption on health are more pronounced in developing economies because these emerging countries have weaker institutions vitiated by the communist experience. The CPI has become the leading global index of public sector corruption [4] and is used systematically in studies that look at the impact of corruption on population health and health systems' performance, assuming the limitations of this measure [1,8,[39][40][41][45][46][47][48][49]. Even though we deal with a subjective measure of corruption, the index is complex and the data used to develop it refer to several ways in which this phenomenon manifests itself: bribery, diversion of public funds, nepotism, legal protection, access to information for officials, etc.…”