Exploring the Relationship between Alzheimer's Disease Severity and Longitudinal Costs

Abstract

Potential endogeneity should be controlled for to prevent biased estimations of the impact of AD severity measures on costs.

Epidemiological and Economic Burden of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Literature Review of Data across Europe and the United States of America

“…A total of 47 studies reported economic data on the direct and indirect costs of AD for the seven selected countries; the remaining five studies reported aggregated international data [50][51][52][53][54]. Among the 47 studies, 17 primary source articles were identified in which cost component data were available and presented according to AD severity or patients' living conditions; two for France [55,56], four for Germany [7,[57][58][59], zero for Italy, three for the Netherlands [8,51,60], four for Spain [49,[61][62][63], two for the UK [64,65], and two for the USA [9,66]. Studies in which cost components were presented by patients' living conditions were included [51,57,59,60] as patients with higher AD severity are more frequently institutionalized than other AD patients [67].…”

What Drives Country Differences in Cost of Alzheimer’s Disease? An Explanation from Resource Use in the GERAS Study

“…Available cost studies from several European countries show a strong positive relationship between disease severity and total costs of care [1,[3][4][5][6][7][8]. Informal care costs form the major component of societal costs for community-dwelling AD dementia patients [8][9][10][11], and the cost of institutional care is the other main cost driver in the long-term care of patients with AD dementia [12].…”

Consequences of Anosognosia on the Cost of Caregivers’ Care in Alzheimer’s Disease

“…The presence of BPSD was evaluated by means 155 of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) [27], which Finally, anosognosia was assessed using the 163 Anosognosia Questionnaire-Dementia (AQ-D) [28], [33][34]. This approach enabled us to examine the …”