“…Previous studies have focused either on the performance of local governments in general (e.g., Cohen et al., 2012; Galariotis et al., 2016) or certain public services and infrastructure like education (e.g., Aparicio et al., 2017; De Witte & Schiltz, 2018; Mancebón et al., 2012; Portela et al., 2012), fire services (e.g., Jaldell, 2005), health care provision (e.g., Amado & Dyson, 2008; Kalinichenko et al., 2021; Pereira et al., 2021), library services (e.g., De Witte & Geys, 2013), police services (e.g., Verschelde & Rogge, 2012), road maintenance (e.g., Kalb, 2014), waste management (e.g., Benito et al., 2014; Pérez‐López et al., 2016), or water supply (e.g., Renzetti & Dupont, 2009) in particular. This extensive literature, however, still suffers from several limitations.…”