Exploring the Acoustic and Dynamic Characteristics of Phase-Change Droplets

Bubble nucleation and dynamics in acoustic droplet vaporization: a review of concepts, applications, and new directions

“…Overexpansion was shown to be dependent on perfluorocarbon volatility (perfluoropropane: ∼8.3-fold, perfluorobutane: ∼6.3-fold) and was also more pronounced for larger droplets, since the internal pressure of the gas core due to surface tension was less. Such overexpansion behavior (up to 8 times) was also observed for micron-sized PFP droplets during ADV, followed by damped oscillations [36] . In this study, the ADV-generated bubbles settled to stable diameters much smaller than the maximum size reached during the overexpansion phase.…”

“… Li, Kripfgans [32] PFP 9.1 ± 1.2 7.5 N.A. Fan, Kao [64] PFP 3-6 5 0.5 Aliabouzar, Kripfgans, et al [40] PFP, PFH, PFO 10.1 ± 0.7 1.1, 2.5, 8.6 10-20 Shell Reznik, Seo [49] PFP 5-10 10 6 ×10 -5 PFC phase Reznik, Seo [49] PFP 5-10 10 6 ×10 -5 Aliabouzar, Kripfgans, et al [40] PFP, PFH 15.1 ± 1 2.5 0.2-0.5 Payload Aliabouzar, Kripfgans, et al [40] PFP, PFH, PFO 15.1 ± 1 2.5 0.5-1 Wang, Kang [65] PFP 0.48 ± 0.04 3.5 0.1 Bioeffects Kang, Lin [60] PFP 2.1 ± 0.2 2 3.6 ×10 -3 Qin, Zhang [61] PFP 0.6 ± 0.03 5 0.2 Fan, Lin [62] PFP 1.5-3 5 0.2-0.5 Feng, Qin [63] PFP 1.1 ± 0.3 5 0.2 …”

Ultra-high-speed dynamics of acoustic droplet vaporization in soft biomaterials: Effects of viscoelasticity, frequency, and bulk boiling point

“…Expansions as high as ∼ 8-fold were reported for droplets with bulk boiling points less than 29 °C. Microseconds after ultrasound was turned off, the ADV-generated bubbles were shown to oscillate in a decaying manner, due to unforced (i.e., not driven by ultrasound) radial oscillation, and settled to a final resting bubble size [24] , [25] . A detailed review of high-speed microscopy studies of ADV dynamics is provided in a prior review article [20] .…”

Numerical study of the effect of liquid compressibility on acoustic droplet vaporization

“…Nanodroplets are vaporized into microbubbles when the amplitude of ultrasonic pulses exceeds a certain intensity called ADV threshold. An ultrasound-triggered bubble, which oscillates with alternating the positive and negative pressure portion of the pulses, can rapidly collapse with or without rebounds depending on the acoustic amplitude [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] . During the rapid bubble collapse, the liquid region near the bubble is also compressed to a high pressure above the critical pressure, resulting in a shock wave emission [8] .…”