Exploring Race Based Differences in Patterns of Life-Course Criminality

Markowitz, Michael W.; Salvatore, Christopher

doi:10.1080/01639625.2011.636679

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Culturally specific factors were identified as systematic racism, forced removals, welfare dependence, and substance abuse (Homel et al, 1999). In exploring race-based differences in patterns of life-course criminality, Markowitz and Salvatore (2012) determined that life-course patterns for both minor and severe forms of offending reflect a significant racial dimension for people who are not Caucasian. In explaining these relationships, research has provided some key insights.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women Released From Custody: Investigating Risk Factors and Reoffending

Rooy

Bennett

Sydes

2019

Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol

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This article draws on life-course and desistance theory to explore the relationship between the factors of age, ethnicity, offence type, and incarceration history for a sample of 1,035 women released from custody between January 2013 and January 2014, data gathered from the Australian Queensland Corrective Services administrative dataset. It also explores their impact on recidivism and the time between release and reoffending (known as “time to failure”) until September 2017. The data indicate substantial rates of reoffending with 70% of the sample reoffending (a return to custody/parole/probation) within the 2- to 4-year observation period. Notably, 50% of women reoffended in their first year post-release, 36% within 6 months, and 23% within the first 3 months. Regression results show that violent offenders are considerably more likely to be recidivists and older offenders are less likely to be recidivists; Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander offenders were also more likely to reoffend. Incarceration history is significantly associated with reoffending and “time to failure”. It is clear that there needs to be increased intervention and support for female offenders during the first 2 years post-release from custody. This is particularly important for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and those with an extensive history of incarceration.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women Released From Custody: Investigating Risk Factors and Reoffending

Rooy

Bennett

Sydes

2019

Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol

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“…The few life course studies to examine race/ethnicity focus primarily on the experiences of Blacks, although some recent work outlines longitudinal offending patterns among samples of Hispanics [51,63]. Studies comparing Blacks to Whites indicate that Blacks populate chronic offending trajectories at significantly higher rates than Whites [32,64,82,101] and that this reflects their unique structural contexts and related exposure to key risk factors that both foster early onset and preclude desistance [48,84].…”

Section: Race/ethnicity and Life Course Offending Trajectoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Course Offending Pathways Across Gender and Race/Ethnicity

Broidy

Stewart

Thompson

et al. 2015

J Dev Life Course Criminology

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Purpose This paper aims to refine our understanding of life course offending patterns across gender and race/ethnicity and to advance work in this area by examining how gender and race/ethnicity interact to influence life course offending patterns. Methods We use criminal justice system data to construct a longitudinal offending cohort that includes all individuals born in 1983/1984 with at least one court finalization for a criminal offense in the state of Queensland between the ages of 10 and 25 years. The data include 41,280 offenders (25.6 % female; 8.9 % Indigenous Australian) responsible for 209,872 offenses (M=5.08, SD=12.31). Coupling these data with state-level census data for those born in 1983/1984 (N=129,782), we estimate cohort offending rates overall and disaggregated by gender and race/ethnicity both independently and jointly. Focusing on the offenders, we use semiparametric groupbased modeling to identify the number and longitudinal distributions of offending trajectories within the cohort and compare how subgroups defined by gender, Indigenous status, and their combination sort into these trajectories. Results Most of the birth cohort has little to no contact with the criminal justice system through age 25. However, patterns are not uniform across gender or race/ethnicity, with males and Indigenous Australians most likely to fit the serious and chronic offending trajectories. Gender and race/ethnicity also interact to influence offending patterns with non-Indigenous females significantly more likely than any other group to avoid system contact, while Indigenous males have comparatively exaggerated rates of contact. Moreover, Indigenous females offend in ways more similar to non-Indigenous males than females and, in some instances, evidence even more serious offending. J Dev Life Course Criminology (2015) Conclusions Developmental and life course models should highlight not just the operant developmental dynamics across key life stages or the relevant age-graded risk and protective factors at play, but also how gender and race/ethnicity condition these processes both independently and jointly.

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“…More recent research reports a narrowing of the offending gender gap, with males offending rates decreasing and female offending rates remaining stable (Fergusson, 2013). Markowitz & Salvatore (2012) report a race-specific influence on patterns of offending, with African and non-African populations showing significantly different offending rates during different ages. Overall, significantly higher proportions of YPwO are from Black, Asian or other minority ethnic (BAME) groups (Chitsabesan et al 2006;Haynie et al 2008;YJB, 2016).…”

Section: Review Of the Risk Factor Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, cross-study comparison and generalisability of risk/protective factor research is compromised with the majority of supporting research completed with males and participants with differences in ethnicity and offence patterns (Markowitz & Salvatore, 2012;van der Put et al 2013). The risk factor approach has also been critiqued for raising theory-practice INTRODUCTION 6 to be just under 40%, although 70% of young people released from custody are reported to re-offend within a year (Youth Justice Board (YJB), 2016).…”

Section: Review Of the Risk Factor Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion Recognition and Perceived Social Support in Young People Who Offend

Wilcox¹,

Frude²,

Andrew³

2020

Youth Justice

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Young people who offend appear stuck in a cycle of adverse experiences, low levels of social support and emotional skill deficits. Yet these factors have not been extensively researched with young people who offend. The current study aimed to develop the understanding of emotion recognition ability and perceived social support in young people who offend and to explore the relationship between these variables. A total of 50 young people who offend were recruited through three Youth Offending Teams and 50 age, gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status and academically matched young people without a known offending history were recruited from a college and youth service in the same geographical area. All participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, a Facial Emotion Recognition Task, a Verbal Emotional Prosody Recognition Task and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Failing to support the hypotheses, statistical analyses failed to show that, relative to the controls, young people who offend had significantly higher levels of alexithymia, lower levels of perceived social support or lower ability to recognise others’ emotions. However, relative to the controls, young people who offend did show significantly lower ability to recognise fear through verbal prosody. Of particular interest, looked after status, which was more commonly reported among young people who offend (38%) than controls (4%), was the predominant factor associated with all outcome variables. Thus looked after status, rather than offending status in isolation, is more associated with difficulties in identifying and describing feelings, ability to recognise others’ emotions and levels of perceived social support. In addition, significant correlations were found between (1) alexithymia and perceived social support, (2) the ability to recognise others’ emotions and perceived social support and (3) the ability to recognise emotions from facial expressions and verbal prosody. Theoretical and clinical implications of the study findings are discussed and areas for future research are suggested.

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Exploring Race Based Differences in Patterns of Life-Course Criminality

Cited by 9 publications

References 40 publications

Women Released From Custody: Investigating Risk Factors and Reoffending

Women Released From Custody: Investigating Risk Factors and Reoffending

Life Course Offending Pathways Across Gender and Race/Ethnicity

Emotion Recognition and Perceived Social Support in Young People Who Offend

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