“…This research supports Cummins (1991, 1979) Common Underlying Proficiencies (CUP) model that literacy concepts, skills, and knowledge acquired in the native language (L1) may be transferred and demonstrated in another language (L2) and these skills will transfer across languages and become dependent on one another (e.g., Adesope et al, 2010; Bialystok et al, 2005; Chenoweth & Hayes, 2001; Deacon et al, 2009; Durgunoglu & Verhoeven, 2013; Williams & Lowrance-Faulhaber, 2018). Also, research supports that writers will transfer writing abilities and strategies (whether efficient or inefficient) between their L1 and L2 based on the language of instruction received (e.g., Genesee et al, 2006) and students who receive L1 support in writing will have the appropriate strategies to transfer to their L2 (e.g., Edelsky, 1982; Lanauze & Snow, 1989; Usanova & Schnoor, 2021; Valdés et al, 1992). Other bilingual studies have emphasized the importance of cross-linguistic transfer components (e.g., phonological awareness [e.g., word retrieval skills], WM) of L1 literacy development, and how they are related to the performance on similar constructs in the L2, suggesting that common underlying abilities play significant roles in both L1 and L2 development (e.g., Bialystok, Luk, & Kwan, 2005; Bialystok, McBride-Chang, & Luk, 2005; Swanson et al, 2012; Williams & Lowrance-Faulhaber, 2018).…”