Exploring, harnessing and conserving marine genetic resources towards a sustainable seaweed aquaculture

Brakel, Janina; Sibonga, Rema C.; Dumilag, Richard V.; Montalescot, V.; Campbell, Iona; Cottier‐Cook, Elizabeth J.; Ward, Georgia M.; Masson, Virginie Le; Liu, Tao; Msuya, Flower E.; Brodie, Juliet; Lim, Phaik-Eem; Gachon, Claire M. M.

doi:10.1002/ppp3.10190

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 105 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…While it is recognized that low mitochondrial diversity does not necessarily imply a limited overall genetic diversity and the inability to adapt, the absence of recombination especially from asexual propagation over the past five decades may have led to a gradual age-dependent fitness decay (Janko et al 2008;Hollister et al 2015). The use of the same cultivar strain affects the quality and overall productivity over time as they are more vulnerable to disease outbreak, particularly "ice-ice," and epiphyte infestations which lead to significant losses to the stakeholders (Sade et al 2006;Brakel et al 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kappaphycus and Eucheuma (herein referred to as eucheumatoids) are commercially important red (Rhodophyta) seaweeds valued for carrageenan, a useful phycocolloid especially in the food and cosmetic industries. The increasing demand for carrageenan has spurred on the commercial introduction of these rhodophytes to various parts of the world (Bixler and Porse 2011;FAO 2020;Brakel et al 2021). In Malaysia, eucheumatoids are mainly cultivated on the east coast of Sabah which features long coastlines, extensive continental shelves, clean water, and being distant from estuaries and coral reefs (Sade et al 2006;FAO 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, since the collections made in 2010 to 2012, several new farming sites have been set up and collections were made from these areas including Umas-umas and Bust Point in Tawau (the latter close to the border with Indonesia) and new sites (Silungan, Silapang, Pallang-pallang, Ligit-ligitan, and Sangaban) near Semporna. Some farmers may change the location of farms seasonally or when production drops due to disease outbreaks (Brakel et al 2021). As such, farming sites are likely to change over the years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of genetic diversity within eucheumatoid cultivars in east Sabah, Malaysia

et al. 2021

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Studies have shown that cultivars of the carrageenophytes Kappaphycus and Eucheuma are clones of a limited number of strains originally domesticated from wild populations. For the development and selection of new cultivars, it is important that a comprehensive record of available variants exists. This study was conducted to provide up-to-date analysis and compilation of the current state of cultivars as the last list of cultivars was compiled nearly a decade ago. The present study analyzed the cox2–3 spacer and cox1 (1356 bp) genetic diversity of cultivars collected from 2019 to 2020 from the east coast of Sabah where the seaweed farms are concentrated. These data were compared with cultivars reported from 2010 to 2012 to assess changes, if any, to the gene pool of farmed eucheumatoid in Malaysia. Kappaphycus alvarezii, K. striatus, and K. malesianus are currently cultivated while Eucheuma denticulatum is no longer an important cultivar compared to a decade ago, probably due to its lower price. Analysis of the cox2–3 spacer revealed a new haplotype, LBT10, and, by including published GenBank data, a further four previously unnamed haplotypes were recognized from Sabah. This study confirms that there is a limited gene pool within cultivars in Malaysia and suggests the need for new or genetically diverse cultivars which can adapt to a changing environment, to ensure a more sustainable carrageenan industry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of genetic diversity within eucheumatoid cultivars in east Sabah, Malaysia

et al. 2021

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“…For example, some shads and anchovies, most sturgeons, and some salmonids are critically endangered (IUCN, 2021). Most conservation efforts have focused on finfish, but the characterization and protection of genetic resources of bivalves and seaweeds have also been highlighted (Brakel et al, 2021;X. Guo, 2009).…”

Section: Resources Of Aquaculture Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation of genetic resources for sustainable aquaculture

Li¹

2022

J World Aquaculture Soc

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The importance of conservation of aquatic biodiversity on sustainable fisheries is gradually being recognized by more and more people. Positive results have been reported from establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) as well as freshwater reserves (Koning & McIntyre, 2021;Lenihan et al., 2021). Conservation of aquatic animals and plants is not yet fully addressed in a way that will protect genetic resources for aquaculture purposes. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2019) published a report about aquatic genetic resources based on surveyed responses from 92 countries. Most replies to the questions were positive and energetic, but it also revealed problems that limited efforts made to conserve the aquatic genetic resource.This editorial aims to call attention to conservation of genetic resources from an aquaculture perspective.Producers could consider practices that are more friendly to conservation of genetic resources. Management bodies may pay attention not only to biodiversity alone, but also to the genetic diversity important to sustainable aquaculture. Research plans could be prioritized to address important questions such as characterization of populations, optimizing fast and efficient genotyping and phenotyping tools, evaluating environmental factors and protection approaches not only for species richness but also genetic diversity, and estimating effects of stock enhancement programs on genetic components of wild populations. | GENETIC VARIATION AND SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTUREAquaculture species have two eminent features that make them highly suitable for selective breeding: high fecundity and high genetic diversity, because most species in aquaculture are still in the early stages of domestication (Houston et al., 2020). High genetic variation in wild populations is an important resource for selective breeding of aquatic species. The genetic resource of wild populations can contribute in various ways to sustainable aquaculture. First, wild alleles can be reintroduced to farmed populations if inbreeding occurs due to bottleneck effects in breeding practices. Second, if there is demand for new traits, such as resistance to disease, genetic materials can be accessed from selected strains as well as the wild populations. Third, there are still many other or "novel" species, particularly native species being tested for aquaculture, such as the fat sleeper (Dormitator latifrons) in Latin America (Vega-Villasante et al., 2021). Therefore, conservation of biodiversity and genetic variation of aquatic species is important for developing and maintaining good strains for sustainable aquaculture. Furthermore, comparison between different regional populations and farmed ones may aid understanding of genetic components that underlie aquaculture performance across different traits, such as identifying causative variants for target traits (Houston et al., 2020).

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“…Microsatellites are among the most frequently used markers to study intraspecific genetic diversity in population genetics, conservation genetics and evolutionary studies. They also represent a molecular tool of great interest for applied seaweed research (see for review Brakel et al 2021), such as when identifying genetic resources in wild populations, or assessing the level of connectivity between populations for seaweed aquaculture.…”

Section: Potential Uses Of the New Developed Microsatellites And Species Identification Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of tools to rapidly identify cryptic species and characterize their genetic diversity in different European kelp species

et al. 2021

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Marine ecosystems formed by kelp forests are severely threatened by global change and local coastline disturbances in many regions. In order to take appropriate conservation, mitigation and restoration actions, it is crucial to identify the most diverse populations which could serve as a "reservoir" of genetic diversity. This requires the development of specific tools, such as microsatellite markers to investigate the level and spatial distribution of genetic diversity. Here, we tested new polymorphic microsatellite loci from the genome of the kelp, Laminaria digitata, and tested them for cross-amplification and polymorphism in four closely related congeneric species (Laminaria hyperborea, Laminaria ochroleuca, Laminaria rodriguezii and Laminaria pallida). Adding these 20 new microsatellite loci to the ten L. digitata loci previously developed by Billot et al. (1998) and Brenan et al. (2014) and to the ten L. ochroleuca loci previously developed by Coelho et al. (2014), we retained a total of 30 polymorphic loci for L. digitata, 21 for L. hyperborea, 16 for L ochroleuca, 18 for L. rodriguezii and 12 for L.pallida. These markers have been tested for the first time in the last two species. As predicted, the proportion of markers that cross-amplified between species decreased with increasing genetic distance. In addition, as problems of species identification were reported in this family, mainly between L. digitata and Hedophyllum nigripes, but also between L. digitata, L. hyperborea and L. ochroleuca in areas where their range distributions overlap, we report a rapid PCR identification method based on species-specific COI mitochondrial primers that allows these four species of kelp to be rapidly distinguished.

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Exploring, harnessing and conserving marine genetic resources towards a sustainable seaweed aquaculture

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 45 publications

References 105 publications

Assessment of genetic diversity within eucheumatoid cultivars in east Sabah, Malaysia

Assessment of genetic diversity within eucheumatoid cultivars in east Sabah, Malaysia

Conservation of genetic resources for sustainable aquaculture

Development of tools to rapidly identify cryptic species and characterize their genetic diversity in different European kelp species

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